Honors lab Chemistry Essay

0.032 g Volume of gas collected (mL) 30mL Barometric pressure (atm) 1.1 atm Room Temperature ( °C) 22  °C Vapor pressure of the water (torr) 19.8 torr Calculations: 1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction conducted in this lab, including appropriate phase symbols. (2 points) Mg(s) + 2HCl(a) + H2O(a) -> MgCl2(s) + H2 (g) 2. Determine the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas collected in the gas collection tube. (3 points) 1.1 atm = 0.026 atm + h2 3. Calculate the moles of hydrogen gas collected. (4 points) ! n = 1.074 atm x 0.03 L / 0.0821 x 295.15 K = 0.00133 mol H2 4. If magnesium was the limiting reactant in this lab, calculate the theoretical yield of the gaseous product. Show all steps of your calculation. (4 points) .032 g Mg * 1 mol Mg / 24.305 g Mg * 1mol h2 / 1 mol Mg = 0.0131 mol 5. Determine the percent yield of this reaction, showing all steps of your calculation. (3 points) Percent Yield = 0.00133 /0.0131 mol H2 Ãâ€" 100 = 10. 15 % Conclusion: 1. Would the following errors increase, decrease, or have no effect on the calculated moles of gas collected in the experiment? Explain your answers in complete sentences. a) The measured mass of the magnesium was smaller than the true mass. (3 points) It would not affect the number of moles calculated because it was not used to measure the moles of the gas. b) The actual temperature of the hydrogen gas is less than room temperature. (3 points) If the gas was cooler than its surroundings, its density would be greater, and the volume would appear to be smaller. Charles’ Law says that a gas’ volume is directly proportional to its temperature, if the pressure on it is constant. 2. Explain in terms of particle collisions and Dalton’s law why it can be assumed that the total pressure inside the gas collection tube is equal to the atmospheric pressure outside of the tube. (4 points) The particles inside the container are exerting force on the walls of the container, while the particles outside of the container are also exerting force. If there were any less pressure from the inside, the tube would collapse. If there were any less pressure from the outside, the tube would explode. 3. If an undetected air bubble was trapped inside the gas collection tube, how would this affect your calculated percent yield? Explain your answer. (4 points) The bubble would take up space in the container and the volume would decrease. Therefore the percentage yield would be incorrect.

Drivers Education Essay

Both SADD and MADD have had various positive impacts to the society supportive implications to the well worth of the society in correspondence to the influence they have to our society. The Original meaning of SADD was â€Å" Students Against Drunk Driving† but have changed to mean â€Å"Students Against Destructive Decisions†. Robert Anastas founded SADD in 1981 in company of other student in the wayland high school in Massachusetts. It started after two hockey players from Wayland high school were killed separately in the July of 1981. These incidences led towards working together of Anastas and his fellow mates. The basic core of SADD was to provide an ultimate contract for human life. It was and is the only student national organization, which deals with impaired driving, violence emanating from drug use, underage drinking, impaired driving and a broad array of activities that affects the lives of teenagers. (http://chicagoathome. com/dct/54/id/3528/mid/2347/This-Year–S-A-D-D–Conference. aspx) The original goal of SADD was in helping the young people from drinking through saying â€Å"No† to driving while drunk. However, such former mission has seen an expansion to capture the expanding problems that seems to face the adolescence in the current times. This is what provided for the change in the name from the former meaning to what is held currently. With this mission, students have continued to communicate with the adults within their reach about the role and implication of positively attitude of peer pressure, use of role models as well as a binary of other substantial strategies that can help to say â€Å"No† towards any activity of driving while drunk. This has seen SADD enjoy the sovereignty of being an organization modeled towards peer leadership. The basic ideology behind SADD is to prevent the effect of the idea behind underage drinking as well as drug abuse. It seeks to focus its attention towards modeling potential life that would not be threatened by the consequences of various destructive youth decisions. According to SADD, destructive decision include engaging in the domain of sexual activities that would lead to disease transmission, violence, smoking, failure of using safety belts as well as suicide commission. Consequently, SADD has its basic mission of providing students with the most adequate preventive and intervention protocol that would perhaps encourage any activity of drunk driving, destructive decisions, drug abuse and underage drinking. Across the years since its conception, SADD has even incorporated various activities that help to spread its message to a broad domain of the societal population. They have used ‘pre-prom’ assemblies that have been held in various districts in helping to provide a better scope of awareness to the societal domain about the dangers allied to driving while drunk. Across the years, SADD have invited people towards participating in various conferences that aim at working together in addressing the aspect of driving and drinking. It has in the recent years expanded its horizons to incorporate various virtuous topics that are not related to drinking. This includes eating disorders, teenage pregnancies, driving practices that are not safe and broad-spectrum of social issues affecting the teens. Their focus has been addressing the long and short-term implications of various destructive decisions taken by the youth. Like SADD, MADD has its foundation of addressing various aspects on driving and drinking. MADD stands for â€Å"Mothers Against Drunk Driving†. The foundation of MADD was seen in 1980 by a group of women from California. This was after a driver hit a 13 year-old-girl before running away. The same driver had recently been out of the jail after being convicted of yet another crime of hitting accident. Historically, he had formerly committed other several accidents. However, since the 1980 this organization (MADD) has seen a massive expansion and growth. To formalize its activities, MADD provided an official position of its president who is elected and remains in the office for a specific time period. (http://chicagoathome. com/dct/54/id/3528/mid/2347/This-Year–S-A-D-D–Conference. aspx) Currently, MADD is an organization operating at the grass root level and compounds around 600 chapters across the world. However, it does not deliver any campaign against alcoholism as thought by many people. However, it has its mission of stopping drunk driving, preventing underage drinking, and supporting the pertinent victims who commit the crime of drunk driving. It has its focus on looking towards the most appropriate and effective solutions, which can be provided towards problems allied to underage drinking and drunk driving. Elsewhere, it has its motive towards providing support for those already salvaged by these crimes through giving moral support and counseling. (Sarah, 1995, 79) Considerably therefore, both the SADD and the MADD are social organizations that are aimed at improving and promoting the state of living held by young people. At a closer range, SADD is a students organization with its benchmark towards helping students against the subjective influence of peer pressure influence. It has its motive of striking a balance between the proximities of education that is combined with a positive peer pressure influence. Through this motive, SADD mission believes that there will be an autonomous life saving. Like SADD, MADD has its mission statement rooted in the well being of the society through postulating an imaginary that promotes their livelihood. It aims at improving and sustaining the status of their lives by addressing various problems that affect the social life phenomena of the youth. (Gerald, 1991, 92) Generally, both the SADD and MADD have almost the same operational framework in their regions of support. By and large, the two organizations have seen it worth of using social conferences that help to address the broad outlay social problems and crimes that affect the youth. Generally, use of conferences has been a motivating campaign that has seen the process of counseling produce adequate results and benefits. Elsewhere, direct conduct of students with the other members of the society has been an adequate tool towards describing how they operate in the regions. Students and the youth in general elaborates and campaign to the society through oral persuasion to address the impacts and the consequences of different crimes to the other members of the society. Notedly also, a full pledge of campaign has been achieved through posters, signs, signals, artistic works and other stylistic devices. (http://chicagoathome. com/dct/54/id/3528/mid/2347/This-Year–S-A-D-D–Conference.aspx) Generally, these organizations can highly be echoed of their response effectiveness towards meeting their goals. Since their primary mission has been to disseminate awareness on how the young people are to provide fruitful benefits. Many youths and students have incorporated the teachings of the organization giving them fruitful benefits towards avoiding the negative impacts of such crimes to their lives and the general society. Notedly, there has been a more conscious awareness across the board by students in knowing the relative impact of driving while drunk. The social imaginary of the youth have also been positively modeled by the lessons learnt from their teachings. Work cited Gerald, D. Waging the Battle against Drunk Driving: Issues, Countermeasures, and Effectiveness. Mahwah, NJ, Praeger, 1991, pp. 92 Sarah, S. U. S. Women’s Interest Groups. Institutional Profiles. Greenwood Press, 1995, pp. 79 This Year SADD Conference. Retrieved on 8th May 2008 from http://chicagoathome. com/dct/54/id/3528/mid/2347/This-Year–S-A-D-D–Conference. aspx

Global Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Global Economics - Essay Example In my view, the creation of such institutions is a laudable effort and involved outstanding foresight considering the current landscape of the world economy. However, its sweeping power and influence over a country could prove disastrous in the event of miscalculation or error in analysis. In essence, the idea behind the IMF’s existence is crisis prevention rescuing nations by lending intermediation and surveillance. Policy reform is pertinent in the whole equation where the IMF is concerned and that is why its terms serves as objects of criticisms due to a popular perception of IMF’s manipulation and intrusion in a country’s sovereignty. One of the most controversial impositions of the IMF, for instance, is the austerity measure as condition to a borrowing country. â€Å"The IMF held that excessive government intervention was the fundamental cause of debt crisis. Their plan therefore involved eliminating public enterprises, sharply reducing government subsidies and deficit spending, weakening cost-of-living allowances, and decontrolling prices and exchange rates.† (Pollin, p. 146) This particular measure has been under fire because, although it achieved some success in increasing a country’s ability to service its debt, it sacrifice s the incomes of ordinary people, hence collapsing the mass purchasing power and living standards in a country. The austerity program is widely perceived as one of the failures of the IMF. For one, it has failed in achieving for Argentina some sort of stability amid its debt crisis in the late 1970s. The austerity measure caused the collapse of domestic investment as throughout the crisis years’ large numbers of capitalists spirited their money out of the country in search of safer and higher-yielding havens. (Pollin, p. 146) Not a few experts have decried that the IMF has very little incidence of success.

Orientalism in Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Orientalism in Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Orientalism in Fashion" concerns the fashion and orientalism. One can attribute this invasion of Oriental elements into European art and fashion to Paul Poiret and his imaginative and bold style that he pioneered in the decade leading up to the First World War. After inaugurating his fashion house in 1903 on the rue Auber, Poiret’s business grew quickly. Parisian women found the clear lines and simple forms of his designs very appealing. Poiret is the first couturier to â€Å"raise the waist in women's dresses, recalling Empire lines and thereby creating an elongated silhouette, like a cue stick.† The invasion of oriental elements into Parisian fashion was so pronounced that by 1913, one can see everywhere loose-fitting waists, oriental chemises or Russian blouses, drawn into â€Å"a sash of velvet or satin, or where there is no sash, a band of embroidery encircles the hips to give the same effect." At the time Paul Poiret was establishing his career in fash ion design there was a sense of stagnation and limitation in fashionable expression for women. At the turn of the century when Poiret opened his couture house, women’s figures â€Å"were not only divided in two by a whalebone corset, but also constrained by masses of fabric†. Poiret went about changing this condition and hence freed a generation of women from constricted dresses. His wife and muse Denise was also his foremost model for trying new design prototypes. What Poiret wanted to achieve was to bring back the classical dressing sensibilities. that he so admired and assimilated into his aesthetics. He first encountered classical paintings at the Louvre as a school boy. His unique design style shifted the emphasis to the shoulders; the waist was raised to a considerable degree. His style reflected the neo-Grecian Directoire sensibilities of erstwhile art patrons Empress Josephine and Lady Hamilton. To accentuate the contours of the body Poiret employed fine fabric s such as silk, tulle and muslin. He also reduced the hemline into that iconic model called the hobble skirt. (Web 2007) The Oriental elements to Paul Poiret’s designs were manifest in his use of gold, fur, fringes and turbans – some of which are being reinvented contemporarily at Prada. Poiret’s embrace of Oriental elements reached its peak in Paris with the unveiling by Leon Bakst of the Ballets Russes. One of the stand-out designs in the years preceding the First World War is the Persian themed designs that were seen during the 1002nd Night party in 1911. Exhibiting his showmanship during the event, Poiret dressed up as a sultan and locked up his wife in a golden cage. As usual she modeled his latest creation: harem pants. Poiret was flooded with orders for these pants. Women saw in them an avenue for liberty, if only to let them dance to the emergent cultural craze for the tango. (Web 2007) Art 1. Two Dresses by Paul Poiret (Plate 2 from Les Robes de Paul Po iret), illustrated by Paul Iribe, 1908. The significance of Poiret’s Orientalist designs emerges from their widespread cultural effects. For example, the sultan harem pants were in such vogue that respected architecture journal commented and illustrated Poiret’s works through the artful photographs of Edward Steichen. The journal article went on to praise Poiret’s work as an â€Å"

Personal Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Reflection - Essay Example I thought writing by explanation or simply retelling a certain story where the main idea comes from another author or perhaps another person’s idea would be a lot safer and easier as you would only have to expound on what an author’s line or idea meant and adding up a little commentary on yours which would not really welcome new thoughts that might not be accepted by your readers. In a way, writing this way would give you less need to think and just more of taking it from someone else’s point of view. However, through the whole course, I realized that writing made up of mostly explanations is something that people would probably think the same as already, which defeats that whole thrill of giving your readers something new and personal. We all know that we read books, journals, or blogs to be able to get something new or to feed any curious thought. Thus, I have learned to move forward by encroaching my writing with exploration which is the next level of writing I learned in the course. This is the fact that I would say I enjoyed a lot learning as a writer, as I would now feel braver to insert new thoughts, parallel or not to my readers’ thoughts, express myself even when it sometimes seems like no one will agree, and at the same time get excited with the fact that someone else is going to read something that comes from what I think. Indeed, writers need not be scared of one’s audience. After all, that is why there are different genres of books because of the different depth and trail of thoughts that are always welcome in writing. In the end, you would not have to blame yourself for giving your readers a lousy or totally strange read because they picked you and not vice versa. Realizing these, I had the guts to write not only based on the sources or principles given me to explain but moreover, explore in my writing like I would explore a new place or perhaps check out someone I am really interested in. Of course, though writi ng is really a very interesting thing to do, I would say that it also has challenges to give you as a writer. For me, one of the greatest challenges I faced in the whole course would be learning about analysis and synthesis and applying these two in my writing. This is because of the fact that both would require one to see beyond a certain topic, fact, or perhaps a thought and be able to unite it with one’s thoughts even when all the while there is not a thing you truly are interested with or hold true. Aside from that, I think that another strong challenge I faced would be having to write a beautiful piece that had to describe a great experience when all the while I was feeling a different mood, specifically sad and disinterested. I handled this challenge by changing the basis of everything I write from the goal of the task instead of my emotions. Although emotions play a big part in influencing the mood of one’s writing, it is important to go beyond emotions and go b eyond that by transcending oneself to the state of mind a certain topic would require you to have. Also, I learned that I should divert focusing on what I see to what people see. I veered away from using myself as the center point of my writing and put myself in the shoes of those people whose thoughts I have to analyze and interpret.  Ã‚  

Challenges and Responses to Improving Geriatric Nursing Care Essay

Challenges and Responses to Improving Geriatric Nursing Care - Essay Example Therefore, there is not only shortage of nurses to deal with the old aged, but also poor services offered by practicing nurses. There is need for colleges to equip nursing students with skills to enable them perform optimally when serving the old. Incorporating practical sessions and internship will help a great deal in improving their knowledge. Experience gathered during internship provides one with a chance to practice handling the old age at an early age, and thus perform better latter at work. It is therefore necessary to understand the needs of the old aged, and how best to deal with them. From research, nurses who have interacted with the old people understand them better, communicate with them effectively and are able to attend to them comfortably and effectively. Discussion Nursing education and practice for the aged challenges The number of old-aged people seeking health care facilities is rising with no or minimal changes in the number of nurses specialized in the field. A ccording to Hickman, University of Western Sydney and Newton (2007), most of the nurses attending to the old people have no special training. Therefore, apart from the shortage of nurses trained in dealing with the old, the already practicing nurses are offering substandard services to the old aged. This is because they lack professional competence in that area. Various reasons have contributed to reduced number of people training in gerontological studies, (Vincent, 2012). For instance, education institutions are faced with the challenge of handling large numbers of students. This leads to difficult in the institution offering the required facilities to the learners, hence leading to inadequate education. As such, nurses graduating from such institutions are not fully prepared to handle the elderly. Additionally, students find it difficult to pursue education program on care giving to the old age due to complexity of research projects undertaken in the field (Shellman, 2012). Moreo ver, studying gerontology is expensive, thus not affordable to some people. The nursing services for the old aged are quite costly making them unaffordable to a majority of the population. Due to health complication associated with old age, the elderly have frequent visits to health facilities thus, take a quantitative amount of their income. Additionally, most of the health care institutions cannot afford quality facilities for providing high quality services to the elderly. University of Western Sydney and Halcomb (2007) suggests that huge costs are required to equip the institutions with the facilities. As such, due to monopoly, institutions that have such facilities transfer the cost to the clients in form of increased health care fees. The cultural norms influence nurses in learning and carrying out their daily assignments. For example, there is a belief that the old age is characterized with diseases and sicknesses. In actual sense, there are old people who are healthy and do not have frequent body complications. As such, given the required attention and care, they are able to perform normally. From a different perspective, the elderly have values that differ from those of the youths, due to age difference and experience (Fox, 2013). This differences lead to a challenge when a young nurse is dealing with an old aged person. The disparity result to conflict and discomfort, and consequently leads to ineffectiveness in service delivery. Cultural differences are present when people

Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Japan - Essay Example The emperor had no political implications to the society but was portrayed a symbolism of the culture of Japan and some form of the historical continuity. The new leaders of the Meiji took the emperor to the national prominence and replaced the Buddhism as the religion of the nation (Mori and Rimer 20). The imperial line was associated with the Shinto at the time when the country had the oldest house that was ruling and the legendary symbol of powerful national unity. People were executing duties of the emperor without questioning anything as a way of respect, honor and to show the unity they had. The emperor never ruled, but a small group of advisers were the one responsible for deliberating on various issues that affected the people of Japan. The consultants were supposed to devise reforms and rule at the capacity of the emperor. In the same period, there was the abolition of the feudalism that marked some tremendous change to the social perspective. People were at liberty to choose any occupation of their choice and move everywhere without restrictions. The introduced a number of changes to the social systems (Mori and Rimer 28). These changes included the constitution and the national educational framework. These changes were done to enable the national growth and earn respect from the Western world. The country tried to amass support from the other neighbors, and the educational system brought a lot of popularity and it spread to a number of places. The government used the education system to educate its citizens on the need to acquire some basic knowledge and the necessary skills. By the end of the tutelage of Meiji period, many Japanese people had attended the compulsory and free public schools for not less than six years. The government monitored the schools carefully and made sure that the students got skills not only to the fields of mathematics or reading but also

Introduction Sociopolitical Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction Sociopolitical Conclusion - Essay Example .White (1995d) incorporates cultural, economic, social, political, and historical factors in nursing faculty. It is founded on critical processes; voice interrogations, incorporated social change discussions, social justice consideration, informed critique. Example of practices is Dementia care wards in Emergency Department where patients are diagnosed before admission. Emergency Department wards possesses calmness, reminiscence material, family involvement, adequate patients’ bulk meals, dementia-interested geriatricians and specialized dementia-trained staff. Sociopolitical knowing answers question, â€Å"Whose Voice is heard? Whose voice is silenced?† focusing on nursing professionals and patients’ care (White, 1995, P.84). The patterns of knowing in nursing contribute greatly by incorporating vital factors such as social, economic and cultural aspects that were previously sidelined by the earlier four knowing patterns. As a result, patients have benefited from this innovation which culminates into increased knowledge in nursing practice. It is important to incorporate compassion and understanding in relation to knowledge of ourselves and the environment around us in order to completely fulfill our duty as a healthcare

Case Study - Writing a Management Consulting Letter to client Amanda

- Writing a Management Consulting Letter to client Amanda - Case Study Example Expansion should thus depend on social and economic factors such as consumer tastes and preferences. Through planning, Amanda and his workers can describe what they want to achieve and how they want to achieve it by providing a detailed description of how the objectives will be realized. Organizing human, physical and financial resources Amanda should develop and evaluate procedures that support the mission of the business and address specific needs. Failing to determine the best way to organize resources including personnel and resources may be a recipe for organizational failure. She should apply accepted management principles and practices that relate to personnel, financial and operational issues that directly affect the business. Having a well-written policy helps the business to address the procedures that support the needs of the business and its programs (Siobham, Morley & Forley, 2013). Human, physical, and financial resources are needed by this young firm in order to achiev e its vision and they should be strategically aligned in such a manner as to meet the organization's goals. She should realize that human, capital, and financial resources are transformational tools to an institution and enable it to achieve its functions. People who manage the business are an important component of its success and they should distinguish themselves with diligence, innovation, and dedication to the mission of the business (Robbins & DeCenzo, 2010; Shuck & Wollard, 2009). Each person should have his duty clearly defined and targets set within required timeframes to avoid laxity within the business. He should also share and develop the mission statement each time they are in a managerial meeting (Taylor, 2010). Perhaps the most difficult aspect of the organization is to handle the financial resources since there are several key components that need to be considered (Raja & Palanchamy, 2011). Leadership skills Leadership and management must go hand in hand since they a re linked together in business even though they are not the same (Perkins, 2008). Any effort by a business whether big or small to separate the two functions of a business is a recipe for failure and more problems for the business. As a manager, Amanda should plan, organize, and coordinate all the activities of the business and the same time acts as a leader by inspiring and motivating the employees of his small firm. Employees of today look at their manager as a leader and he should not assign trust but define for them a purpose in their jobs (Jackson, Meyer & Wang, 2012). She should organize workers to maximize efficiency and to nurture, develop talent and inspire results and this will ensure that the company remains effective and profitable with time (Wollard & Shuck, 2011). A leader should be in a position to provide feedback to the concerned people to avoid any mistake that is likely to occur in the course of management (Carter and Greer, 2013). Amanda should make his employees provide him with feedback concerning the nature of their duties and he should also provide them with feedback on how he manages the business. Management should clearly define goals of his team to ensure that they know what they are working to achieve and by what means and to enable them prioritize their workload. Recruitment process should be conducted in a slow but sure

Disable Women in Bangladesh Essay Example for Free

Disable Women in Bangladesh Essay Disability is something that we take negatively, most commonly in Bangladesh we like to address them â€Å"Protibondhi†, a vague and unrealistic terminology. Let’s see what disability is from the World Health Organization’s definition: Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives. Nowadays we do not call these even disabilities, we term them as impaired. A person may also qualify as impaired if he/she has had impairment in the past or is seen as disabled based on a personal or group standard or norm. Such impairments may include physical, sensory, and cognitive or developmental disabilities. Mental disorders (also known as psychiatric or psychosocial disability) and various types of chronic disease may also qualify as disabilities. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are 7. 5 million women with disabilities in Bangladesh, which is certainly a matter of consideration to the government. Human rights which has been a â€Å"talk of the world† is the most important thing that government needs to ensure for them Human rights is something that is â€Å"inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being. Researches have been done and significant as well as worrying issues have been identified on the human rights condition and survival pattern of girls with disabilities. Types and degrees of disability: The breakup or distribution of disability among the adolescent girls and women with disabilities broadly appeared the same to the national average. The major group has physical disability, 37. 33% among adolescence girls, and 40% among women. Speech and hearing, visual and intellectual disabilities come to the next categories. Multiple disabilities were seen the least at a compiled figure of 10%. As to the degree of disability, the moderates rest on the top at 36. 13%. The lowest is the ‘profound’ category at 9. 5%. The interesting point to note is that in ‘severe’ category, the percentage of affected girls with disability is higher in comparison to woman with disability. It is really eye-catching. Human rights issues: The very right to security of human life has been violated on many occasions when it relates to the girls and women with disabilities. They had been sexually abused, physically tortured, verbally abused. Even i n some cases they became disabled due to violence etc. inflicted upon them. They did not even get opportunity to demand justice. Moreover, they were blamed as guilty because of handicapping environment. The girls and women with disabilities are usually deprived of getting access to treatment and health care facilities. Social beliefs and superstitions in many cases caused such deprivation. They have been deprived of the rights of basic education. The school authorities in many cases refused to enroll the girls with disabilities although they had potentialities. This is a violation of the right to education defined in the Declaration of Education for All and the National Disability Policy. Communication is a basic human right but there is no such recognized communication mechanism (Bangla Sign language) for the speech and hearing impaired persons in the country. Treatment: Data revealed that 93. 33% of girls and 97. 50% of women with disabilities had at some stages of their lives received some kind of treatment for their impairment and disability. At times, as the data indicate that when it appears that no cure is possible, most families become hopeless and refrain from seeking further services (though essential) for girls and women with disabilities. This disillusionment or apathy pays a heavy toll on the girls and women with disabilities. The respondent families of the girls and women with disabilities had sought treatment from a varied range of sources even at high costs. The family members paid about 89% of the treatment costs. This indicates the state of poor health service delivery to the persons with disabilities at state level, which has mandatory obligation to deliver such minimum medi-care cost free. That is the poorest of the poor even do not get the bare basics of health services. Education:  Disability is a barrier to education. Only 3. 75% proceeded to university education in the woman with disability group. The highest enrollment can be seen at the primary school level at 21. 25% for women with disabilities and 30. 67% for girls with disabilities respectively. Most of the girls and women with disabilities who are pursuing education have to attend in formal schools due to the existing provision of free primary education. The second highest numbers of learners attend in non-formal educational institution. Enrolment in special education is much lower. A massive 64% (average figures of girls and women with disabilities combined) dropout rate occurs from primary to secondary level. 36. 06% of the women with disabilities and 36. 58% of the girls with disabilities were either teased or their venture to study were not supported (not in favour) by other members of their surrounding environment. Accessibility to the educational institution is one of the major problems for girls and women with physical disabilities. Girls with disabilities residing in hostels face problems due to absence of female house parent which limits sharing of feminine and other essential needs. The most humiliating thing is that the teachers are also involved in teasing their disabled learners. In spite of all of these inconveniences and handicapping environment, the girls and women with disabilities have potentials to be in mainstream education. Some are in education process where their disability is not visibly identified. Employment: It was discouraging to note that very insignificant number of respondents (3. 21%) from the two groups were involved in full time income generating activities. 64. 2% were sitting idle with no work. However some of them, particularly the women with disabilities (21. 88%) were somehow earning some income through different activities mostly in the informal sector. Although the number is not mentionable, some women with disabilities are engaged in multi-sectorial jobs like office job, teaching, small business, day-laborer, housemaid, handicrafts worker, dairy poultry raising, sewing, and house-hold works etc. In most cases they managed to arra nge the job themselves with out any external support. The income of the women or girls with disabilities is mostly spent in meeting the family needs but their family and the society do not always encourage the engagement in jobs/works of the girls or women with disabilities. Marriage, conjugal relationship and dowry: The involvement in romantic relationship ranks very high in lifes priorities for most women. The study focused on such personal factors like attitudes toward marriage, behavioral aspect, the effect of disability on the partners behaviour; environmental factors, social attitudes and family expectations of the respondents. Situation is reversed in case of women or adolescent girls with disabilities. Arranged marriage is still customary in the society of Bangladesh. The percentage of adolescent marriage is 48%. This is discouraging, yet the family can find spouse. The rate of marriage of adolescent girls with disabilities is only 2%. One of the major causes of the frustration of women with disabilities and their families is people are hesitant to marry a disabled girl. Most of the marriages of women with disabilities took place against consideration or offering of big amount of cash or kind, even land as dowry. Community and family attitudes: The overall development of a girl or woman with disability depends on the attitudes of the people or community surrounding them. In cases of positive attitudes from family, and other concerned in the society, the girls or women with disability seems to be more confident and have success in life while the negative attitudes made the girl or woman with disability depressed, dependant and a person with low self-esteem. It revealed that only 7. 10% participated in games and sports. A larger, yet still negligible, number of the respondents, 26. 3%, participated in social activities. However, figures state that actual participation is low by women and girls with disabilities, but in terms of their intention to participate, the response is satisfactorily high. 53. 5% reported that they were interested to participate, while only 7. 5% commented that they would never like to participate. In the adolescence group, the families with members in between 6 to 10 numbered highest with figures of 80 (53. 33%). Families with members in between 1 to 5, numbering 65 (43. 33%) come next. For a larger family it is possible to share the care-time required for the disabled family member. Abuse: Women with disabilities appear to be at high risk for emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. The prevalence of abuse of the girls and women with disabilities was 92% for both groups. Al most the equal percentage of women and girls with disabilities reported emotional abuse (78% and 75%), incidents of physical abuse (82% for both) are also same. And cases of sexual abuses (32% and 37%) have however, little difference. In many cases parents also abuse the girls and women with disabilities. Most of the incidences of sexual abuses occur among the girls and women with intellectual disabilities. In the second frequency of sexual abuse towards girls and women with disabilities goes to hearing impairment. This is surprising to note that the traditional healers abuse the girls and women with disabilities sexually in the name of offering therapy or treatment. Not only the abused girls and women even their family members do not feel comfortable to disclose such cases of abuses because of social threat or embarrassment. Reproductive health:  Most of the girls and women are not much aware of the issues related to the phases of reproductive health. People identified disability, particularly of the women, as a risk factor for reproductive health. The society is still conservative to discuss reproductive health issues. The parents (even mothers) do not share any sexual and reproductive health issues or information with their daughters. Most of the adolescent girls get idea about the phases of physical development and transition period (internal transformation or menstrual) from peers, elder sisters, sister-in-laws, grandmothers etc. Majority of the girls with disabilities had experienced serious problem of shock, phobia, depression, and embarrassment while facing period. Especially the girls with speech and hearing impairment face difficulty in passing this period due to limited communication capability. Physical growth: Natural physical growth is a normal development process in the human body due to hormonal changes. The physical change also effects changes in behaviour and attitudes of a person, but in case of intellectual disabled, family could not measure or notice such physical changes that are usually expected and hence they became worried. Psychological phenomenon: The psychology of the girls and women with disabilities is dependent on many emotional, environmental and social factors such as self-assessment, personal acceptance, family and social attitude, isolation and etc. Many girls and women even with minor disabilities are facing problems of acceptance in their families. Segregation from the society and family was common feature for girls and women with disabilities in many cases. In many cases, the girls and women with disabilities were segregated even at their work places. It is evident that the girls and women with disabilities are deprived of their Basic Human Rights like food, clothes, education and treatment etc. That creates negative influence on overall psychological development or mindset of the disabled women and girls. Sexual abuses in many cases have caused stressful situation on the psyche of the girls and women with disabilities, which ultimately made them isolated and frustrated. Ability, dignity and self-esteem: Majorities of the girls and women with disabilities including severe level of disabilities have the confidence to be educated and subsequent engagement in contributing activities. Many of them have skills in trades like sewing, cooking, painting, handicrafts, tailoring, dairy and poultry raising and etc. There are evidences of extra-ordinary achievement by severely disabled women. Some of the girls and women with disabilities who had luckily access to employment, developed romantic relationship with the desired one and are now living a happy married life. The self-esteem of the girls and women with disabilities is more strongly influenced by social and environmental factors.

Architecture Design of Religious Temples

Architecture Design of Religious Temples ABSTRACT Over time new inventions and discoveries have taken place in bringing advancement to technology. So the society, people, and their mentality gets adapted to the technological advancement. The things used by them get modified, so do their tastes. Similarly there is also a huge change in the environment, architecture, the spaces they use, the type of food they have, etc. Considering these changes in the society, there is also a huge change in the way a TEMPLE; a place of worship is related to the society. Over centuries the temples’ function changed from a social institution to a place of community gathering, though there is no considerable change in its design. Is it due to imitation of the architectural form from one generation to other? Does this piece of architecture tells us about the society of this period as other pieces of architecture do? Does it still show the advancement in the technology? Is it still run under high patronage? This dissertation attempts to deliberate upon these issues and to arrive on a solution on how a contemporary temple should look like. INTRODUCTION In Hinduism ‘TEMPLE’ (mandir) is a structure that houses the gods (Encyclopaedia). It was designed to be used as a focus for all aspects of life, namely, religious, cultural, educational and social. It helps a visitor to transcend from his world so that he connects with the supreme authority, the GOD. They are also taken as places of enlightenment and liberation. Hence the principles of designing temples were derived keeping everything in mind. Initially the temple did function the way it was designed to be. A piece of architecture is said to reflect the time and the type of society to which it belongs. There is a change in everything around us. We started living and working in multi storey apartments with glass facades leaving behind the huts and bungalows. But a considerable change in temples is not witnessed. After the development of the temple typology, later was just imitation or embellishment. ‘In real world of architectural construction, temples were built by imitation: one generation copying the predecessor or one rival architect, but always with some minor modifications to keep client interest alive.’ (Oijevaar, 2007) IMPORTANCE OF TEMPLE IN THE PAST A Temple was once the most important building in the society. It proved to be the divine power, the tallest building in the society. The king paid patronage to the construction of it. It also symbolised the power and richness of the kingdom. Hence, a huge land was allocated and a huge amount of money was commissioned in the construction. Lot of masons, engineers, sculptors and labourers were engaged in its design and execution. The making of a temple was a big fair which continued over years depending on the hugeness of the temple. There are temples that were built over the reins of two to three dynasties. The making of temple was also a mode of employment in the kingdom. DESIGN DERIVATION Temples marked the transition of the Vedic religion into Hinduism. The notion of symbolising everything important with a human figure and making idols to worship them led to the emergence of a TEMPLE. Initially the typology was inspired from the Buddhist architecture. The first remarkable temple, the Durga Temple at Aiholi was said to be a chaitya hall with a peek on the top. The notion of ‘cave in a mountain’ was imitated by the architects of that period which led to the development of an inner sanctum or garbha griha, a place where the idol was placed. A pillared hall known as mandapa was designed in front of it so that people can stand and worship. Hence the initial temple was just a building made as a replica of a cave in a mountain with just two rooms namely garbha griha for the idol and a mandapa for other activities respectively. These were square rooms (square taken as a holy shape according to vastu shastra) covered with a slab above so that the devotees are not disturbed by any external elements. The examples of such temples are found in various places around Karnataka (Aihole) which was taken as the place of experimentation for temple architecture. After the development of the basic plan type in Aihole, now the problem emerged in giving it a proper shape so that it becomes a magnificent piece of architecture so that it overpowers the society. Hence the need of a dominating feature in the building emerged which later gave rise to a vertical shrine or shikara. In initial examples one can notice shikara only on the garbha griha with a flat roof on the mandapa but in course of time the flat roof on mandapa was also replaced by a shikara (smaller than that on the garbha griha). Slowly the priest started living next to the temple, the school (Veda patashala) where younger boys were taught Vedas also became a function of the temple which led to the development of more number of small rooms around the temple. Also the functions like entertainment in terms of dance or/and music performances for god, the place to feed people with the prasadam led to development of more number of mandapas. The temple with its mandapas, other small deities (generally someway related to the main deity), pundits’’ house, Veda patashala, temple tank, etc. came to be known as temple complex. Finally a huge wall was built around it to safeguard the place allotted to temple with an entrance also known as gopuram. Also the temples were developed in a way that it gives a visual feast to the visitor entering it so that he enters into a different world mentally. This is done by designing the interiors of temple and decorating them with sculptures, paintings and inscriptions from various books like bagawadgita, Ramayana, etc. Though the development seemed to be very common all over the country, the aspect of regionalism has played an important role in the development of a temple’s design. Hence many differences have been noticed in the various temples of different regions. One known as the north Indian or the Nagara had a different approach of designing compared to the one of South Indian or the Dravidian. Still the essential features of design namely garbha griha, mandapa, shikara remain to be present in both the styles though they appeared differently. TERMS: Vimana/ Prasada/ Shrine: ‘The shrine proper is termed as Vimana (measured out) in the southern context, the northern equivalent being Prasada (palace; literally seat of the deity)’ (Hardy, 2007). It contains a sanctum, garbha griha, usually square. While some early shrines seem to have been flat roofed, a Nagara or Dravida shrine has a superstructure as an integral part. The interior of the super structure is rarely accessible, and sometimes filled with solid and rubble. Shrines may be rectangular, apsidal, circular or octagonal. However the garbha griha generally remains in square shape, except for the rectangular shrines. Most of the plans are square or square generated giving importance to the four cardinal directions. Generally square generated orthogonal plans undergo maximum number of projections and evolve towards a more pronounced central emphasis. Garbha Griha: The inner sanctum is known as garbha griha. The garbha griha is a small dark room in which the idol is placed. Derived from the concept of ‘cave in a mountain’. It is generally square or derivative of square in shape. Not accessible for general public, private space of god. Mandapa/Jagmohana: All the shrines have a porch which allows people or the god servants to carry out their activities known as mandapa. A mandapa might be a closed one or an open porch. The closed mandapas get light through the door ways. The number of doorways to the mandapa may vary from one to three. In addition to it the thick walls of mandapas have bright holes of stone traceries as windows for the light to penetrate inside. Sometimes light pouches are also given in the roof of the structure. The light entered here reflects from the floor and reaches the ceiling creating a divine effect inside the mandapa. Hence the ceilings are carved in most of the mandapas. The mandapas were constructed in post and beam construction simply imitating the wooden architecture that existed before. The distance between the columns depended on the length of the stone which itself is dependent on the grade and distance of the quarry. Spans hardly exceeded 2.5m. The initial mandapas (6th -7th centuries) had flat roofs where a stone was laid out as a ceiling with a few carvings from inside so as to create a sophisticated effect. From 8th century onwards the mandapas started reflecting the shrine itself though in a comparatively smaller scale. A central bay started dominating the plan which also acts as the axis. ‘corbelled construction- the method of stepping horizontal courses progressively forward to cover a space, prevented from toppling by the weight of masonry pressing down at the rear- developed considerably from the 10th century’(Hardy, 2007). Pradakshina patha: The circumambulatory path one takes around the temple in a clockwise direction is termed as pradakshina. Here the exterior of the sanctum conveys the idea of an inner temple. For this especially a path is built around the temple with stones and this path is known as pradakshina patha. It is believed to be a scared path. It is taken in clockwise direction as suns path is clockwise. Natya mandapa: In later time there were a numerous editions in a temple. The temple started developing more as a social institution; hence things like entertainment also became the part of its rituals. To continue these rituals a different mandapa, generally connected or a stand-alone structure in front of the jagmohana was built. This mandapa is known as natya mandapa. There is a huge change in the way the natya mandapa was built when we compare from lingaraj to konark. It has seen a huge development due to the increase of the project size or patronage. Bhog mandapa: A mandapa was also designed in the later temples where people can sit and have the prasadam of the temple. Basically they are pillared halls with beautifully carved pillars where people sit and eat. Bhog meaning prasadam is how the name of it has been arrived. This is not usually found in large number of temples. A feature present in developed Nagara temples from lingaraj to puri. It disappeared after puri in konark. Gopuram: The entrance gateway of a temple is known as gopuram. It was initially a mark able structure, smaller than the shrine proper to mark the entrance to a temple. Over time it evolved to be the most important structure and hence its size increased. The tallest and the most magnificent gopurams are seen in meenakshi temple Madurai, where the gopuram looks like commanding the nature around. Gopurams are generally found in Dravidian temples. Coming to Nagara temples, a gopuram was found in mukteswar, but in further development it just disappeared. NAGARA: This typology is basically defined to possess curvilinear spires with square plans. After the experimentation of the basic design in Aihole, the further development of this typology happened in Odisha near Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar became the experimentation ground. The first notable temple here is known as parasurameswar, a temple devoted for the god Shiva built in 7th century AD. ‘The temple has a flat roofed rectangular pillared hall known as jagmohana attached to a tri-ratha deul (sanctum), which carried a squat heavy- shouldered shikara. The carvings are known for their charm and static volume’ (ASI). Next remark-able development is marked by the temple of mukteswara, built in 10th century AD with the introduction of a gopuram and a boundary wall to the temple. Mukteswara is defines as ‘a dream realised in sandstone’ (Ganguly, 1961), ‘a gem in Odishan architecture’ (ASI). Elegantly decorated from top to bottom it is designed with a low heighted boundary wall and an entrance torana. This temple is known for its sculptural beauty and also its archaeological advancement. From the flat roof over the Jagmohana it is developed into a pyramidal deul. This was achieved by slight corbelling of the stones, yet it was an achievement thinking of the time it was designed. The deul is pancha ratha on plan and stands on a low platform. The peda deul (pyramidal shikara) has two latticed windows on north and south, where the outer most part of the window depicts humorous scenes of a monkey’s life. The ceiling of jagmohana is deliberately carved in the form of a blown lotus. The pillars of this temple are very much notable. The introduction of snake pillars, relief figures and figurines, gaja simhas on pilasters was all new. The torana, known as makara torana has two crocodiles’ heads both towards two different sides and their tails meeting each other. The carvings of different goddess also present on it. The basement of the pillars supporting the arch, square in section contains on each face a miniature temple flanked at the top by gaja simhas. The sixteen- sided shafts consist each of four blocks of stone of which the topmost has loops of pearl strings hanging down from the mouths of row of kritti mukhas above. The next temple that marked a remarkable development is the temple of Raja- Rani. Though it went a little off in the development process, it still has its own contribution in the development of Nagara typology. The entire Shiva temples end with the name of ishwar ex. Parasurameswar, mukteswara, etc. there is a story behind the name of this temple. This temple was expected to be a pleasure resort for the king and the queen as the idol is missing but M.M.Ganguly rightly rejects it by talking about the absence of the stables, out houses, etc. ‘ The name Raja-Rani has been derived from very fine grain yellowish sandstone known as Raja Rani in common parlance’(Ganguly, 1961). Due to the missing of the deity inside the temple, there are still confusions if the temple was dedicated to lord Shiva or lord Vishnu. ‘The later milestone in development, the temple of Ananth Vasudev being a Vaishnavite temple and on the examination ‘khura pristha’ or the upper plinth carved as it is with the petals of lotus it appears that the temple was meant for being dedicated to Vishnu’ (Ganguly, 1961). Hence there is no confirmation on the deity of this temple. The torana that appeared in mukteswara was lost by the time Raja Rani was made. There is not much difference in the plan form. The deul is a pancha ratha plan that stands on a certain plinth. In line next is the Vaishnavite temple, the temple of Vishnu in the form of lord Krishna known as Ananth Vasudev. Here two new mandapas have seen to be emerged in the regular plan form. By then the role of temple in a society has drastically increased. The more now became more of a social institution rather than just a religious place. Hence the functions like entertainment, donation, etc. have come into the temple premises increasing the scale of the temple and giving rise to the natya and Bhog mandapas. All these mandapas were covered by a pyramidal deul (pida deul), except for the rekha deul on the garbha griha. Rekha deul is tallest of all with decreasing height of each deul in order. In plan Lingaraj temple was very similar to Ananth Vasudev but it is a shaivite temple. The plan form has evolved to the proper extent in Ananth Vasudev and as time passed the hugeness of the temple increased. Lingaraj is the most notable temple all over Odisha. It stands a mid of a numerous small shrines. Like Ananth Vasudev it has a three chambers frontal part consisting of jagmohana, natya mandapa and Bhog mandapa. There are clear evidences that the other three mandapas are later addition to the existing structure though there is a continuation of sculptures found. Shifting from Bhubaneswar the next remarkable temple was built in puri commonly known as jagannath mandir. For the first time a temple was designed in the form of a chariot. Chariot being the vehicle of god, the temples also have taken the form of a chariot. This temple has a garbha griha, jagmohana, natya and Bhog mandapas placed on a ratha. The ratha was basically a raised platform with wheels carved on it. The scale of the temple was huge compared to Lingaraj, though the plan form remained the same. A complex was designed for it with boundary walls and a proper entrance way was provided. Inside the complex were numerous small shrines dedicated to different gods along with the main shrine. Konark temple defined as the ‘black pagoda’ (Behra, 2007) is situated in Konark, a place near Bhubaneswar. The scale of the temple is very huge compared to the rest of the buildings of that era. It is considered as one of the best in terms of technological advancement of that time. Coming to the plan form, this temples’ form is a little different compared to the jagannath mandir, though it is also designed to be a chariot. A chariot of the sun god which had 12 pairs of wheels carved out on its plinth. Over the chariot are the garbha griha and the jagmohana. A natya mandapa remains to be a standalone structure in the complex. The complex contains other smaller shrines along with the main shrine. All these temples represented the time in which they were built. They represented the society, the richness of the kingdom, and the technological advancement of that time which is not exactly what the temples of day-to day represent. Further I would like to go through the development in Dravidian typology, refer to the designing of temples today and there relation with society and technology and would like to end with the parameters required in designing a contemporary temple. REFERENCES Online dictionary (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Temple) Oijevaar K.J, sept 2007, The South Indian Hindu temple building design system on the architecture of shilpa shastra and the Dravidian style, Delft University of technology, Netherlands, pg.4 Karuna Sagar Behra, 1993, Temples of Orissa, Orissa sahitya academy Krishna Chandra Panigrahi, 1961, Archaeological remains at Bhubaneswar, Kitab Mahal, pg.87-101 Adam Hardy, 2007, The temple architecture of India, John Willey and Sons ltd. Britain, pg.90-105 Karuna Sagar Behra, 2005, Konark – The Black Pagoda, Publications Division, Ministry of Information Broadcasting, Government of India

China :: essays research papers

China China is a land of beauty and fascination that tempts travelers from all over the world. It is a massive country, covering 6,000,000 square miles and spanning 60 longitudinal degrees. It has large variety of people, natural landscape,a brilliant history and a culture with fascinating destinations that visitors attends to be amazed. China, represents one of the earliest civilizations in the world, has a recorded history of about 3,600 years. It possesses rich historical documents as well as ancient relics. It is the inventor of compass, paper-making, gunpowder and printing. The Great Wall, Grand Canal and Karez irrigation system are three great ancient engineering projects built 2,000 years ago. Now they are the symbols of the rich culture of the Chinese nation. Like other nations, China, in its development, passed through the stages of primitive society, slave society, and feudal society. During the middle decades of the 19th century, capitalist forces of foreign countries invaded China, and China was slowly transformed into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The founding of the People's Republic in 1949 marked China's entry into the socialist stage. During the long period of historical development, the industrious, courageous, and intelligent Chinese people of all nationalities collectively created a great civilization, and made a great contribution to all of mankind For the first time in decades a Chinese government was met with peace, instead of massive military opposition, within it’s territory. However, it wasn’t like that for long, in the first half of the 20th century, China was beset by major famines, civil unrest, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the communists under MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while ensureing China’s sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. This new leadership was highly disciplined and, having a decade of wartime administrative experience to draw on, was able to embark on a program of national integration and reform. In the first year of Communist administration, moderate social and economic policies were implemented with skill and effectiveness.

gatmoral Moral Responsibility in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Moral Responsibility in The Great Gatsby Bang! Gatsby's dead! George Wilson shot Gatsby! However, who is morally responsible for killing Gatsby? The obvious answer would be George since he pulled the trigger. However, it is clear, if for no other reason than for the unimportance of George in the book, that others were also partly responsible. In The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Tom, Daisy, and George are morally responsible for the death of Gatsby. Tom, because of his tattling on Gatsby, can be morally blamed for the murder of Gatsby. When George talked to him, Tom told George it was Gatsby's car that hit Myrtle, but he failed to mention that it was Daisy driving. Even though it was never directly mentioned, it is shown that Tom knew Daisy was the one who killed Myrtle when Nick said, "...and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together," (p.146) when referring to Tom and Daisy talking in their house. This "conspiring" was probably a plan to get Daisy away from the whole incident. Furthermore, Tom and Daisy leave town the next day, proving Tom's knowledge of Daisy's guilt by just trying to escape with her. Even knowing this, Tom still had the indecency to tell George it was Gatsby's car. Tom can also be morally blamed for the killing of Gatsby because of his affair with Myrtle. George killed Gatsby not only because he thought he killed Myrtle, but also because he was under the impression that Gatsby was the one having the affair with his wife. Tom knew George was thinking this and when George talked to him, Tom seized his opportunity to get off the hook for his sin and directed it to Gatsby, making himself even more morally incorrect for doing it. It is clearly justifiable to blame Tom for Gatsby's death. Daisy can also be put morally responsible for Gatsby's death. Her bad morals relating to Gatsby's death are displayed when Gatsby said, "Anyhow - Daisy stepped on it. I tried to make her stop, but she couldn't..." (p.145) Daisy was not morally responsible enough to stop the car after she hit Myrtle. She would also not take the rap for driving the car later, but instead, left town.

Marx And Mills Essay -- Marx Mills Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Marx And Mills John Stuart Mill suggests that a person’s ethical decision-making process should be based solely upon the amount of happiness that the person can receive. Although Mill fully justifies himself, his approach lacks certain criteria for which happiness can be considered. Happiness should be judged, not only by pleasure, but by pain as well. This paper will examine Mill’s position on happiness, and the reasoning behind it. Showing where there are agreements and where there are disagreements will critique the theory of Utilitarianism. By showing the problems that the theory have will reveal what should make up ethical decision-making. John Stuart Mill supports and explains his reasoning in his book, Utilitarianism. Mill illustrates the guidelines of his theory. Mill defines utilitarianism as the quest for happiness. His main point is that one should guide his or her judgements by what will give pleasure. Mill believes that a person should always seek to gain pleasure and rej ect pain. Utilitarianism also states that the actions of a person should be based upon the â€Å"greatest happiness principle†. This principle states that ethical actions command the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. Mill further explores the need for pleasure by noting â€Å"a being of higher faculties requires more to make him happy.† . He acknowledges that some pleasures are more alluring than others are. He adds to this by making known that when placing value in things to calculate pleasure, not only quantity important but quality as well. Mill’s criteria for happiness is easily understood, some statements that he gives are questionable. John Stuart Mill plainly laid out what he believes that the basis for ethical decision-making. First, the pursuit of pleasure is directly related to happiness. This idea can be easily accepted. It is natural for a person to focus his goals on things that will bring him pleasure. It would be absu rd if someone’s goal in life was to be poor and starving. This being said, it does not mean that people are only happy due wealth but that no one’s goals are focused on poverty. Although there are many issues that can be agreeable with Mill, there are problems that exist with his theory of utilitarianism. First, Mill says that all ethical decisions should be based on pleasure. This statement becomes questionable when Mill... ...o are polar opposites. This statement holds true no matter what one believes. To find happiness, the opposing sides must find a suitable balance. This does not mean that pain is always a daily part of life, but that it can not and should not be avoided. If one were to try to avoid pain, it is quite possible that they would inadvertently pass up pleasure. This would happen because a person would be too worried to take a chance on failing. Pain is a part of life just as pleasure is. To reap the benefits of one, there must be consequences given to the other. There is a quote that goes, â€Å"You must drink from the chalice of pain, before you can sip from the elixir of self-respect† Another criteria for happiness and morality should be based upon attentions. If one performs a moral action, but has immoral intentions, that person should not be considered ethically correct. To be truly right and happy, one must not only act but think right. Mill suggests that pleasure should guide our decision-making. While the statement is true, it is not fully correct. If a person will deal with pain that come from hard work, dedication, a nd perseverance, then the benefits will be that much sweeter.

Theories of Development

Theories of Development There are many branches of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five theory groups. The theory groups are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while others are independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human development. Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud was one of the most influential contributors to the field of psychology.Freud was born in 1856, in Moravia. In 1881, Freud received a doctorate in medicine. Freud’s main focus of study was neurology; this led him  to begin  concentrating his research on nervous disorders. Freud’s research brought him to his psychoanalytical theory. Freud’s theory suggests that an individual’s unconscious processes or thoughts contribute to one’s personality and influences one’s behavior. Freud’s theory included the concept that personality is composed of three elements: the id (pleasure seeker), the ego (deals with reality), and the superego (one’s sense of right and wrong).Freud also believed that human development consisted of five psychosexual stages: the oral stage (birth-18 months), anal stage (18 months-3 years), phallic stage (3-6 years), latency stage (6-12 years), and the genital stage (12 years and up). The theory included the belief that if one wants to develop a healthy personality, one has to complete all five psychosexual stages successfully. Another great contributor to the Psychodynamic field of psychology is Erik Erickson. Erickson was born in 1902, in Germany. Erickson travelled around Europe and attended the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.Erickson was intrigued by Freud’s theory, however Erickson believed that development occurred throughout one’s lifespan and that oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality is shaped consciously from social interactions. Erickson developed the psychosocial theory of personality development. The theory includes eight stages of development: Trust vs. mistrust (birth-12 months), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (12 months-3 years), Initiative vs. guilt (3-6 years), Industry vs. inferiority (6-12 years), Ego identity vs. ego diffusion (12-18 years or older), Intimacy vs. solation (18-40 years), Generativity vs. self-absorption (40-65 years), and Integrity vs. despair (65 years and older). According to Craig and Dunn (2010),   Erickson’s theory emphasizes social interactions and argues that a distinct part of each individual is based on the culture in which the individual is raised, depending heavily on the individual’s interactions with  caregivers  during infancy. Social forces continue to shape personality throughout the lifespan as the individual experiences relationships with others (p. 13). Cognitive TheoryThe cogn itive theory attempts to explain human behavior. This theory of psychology tries to understand the thought process behind one’s personality or behavior. Two of the main cognitive theorists are Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky. Both theorists have come a long way to help us understand the cognitive theory. The cognitive approach to psychology has shown a lot of advancement from the contributions made by Piaget and Vygotsky. They have set the foundation for other theorists to do more research. Vygotsky and Piaget had similar thoughts on how children learn.Both theorists believed that children learn and think differently than adults and that children learn actively, through hands-on experiences. Piaget suggested that children think differently than adults. He developed this belief from observations and his stage theory of development. He was one of the first theorists to state that children are actively gaining their own knowledge of the world. Piaget often referred to children as à ¢â‚¬Å"little scientists†. The reason behind the nickname is Piaget believed that children in free play were conducting their own â€Å"experiments† in the world to gain their own knowledge from it.One way that Piaget believed that children were learning object permanence, was by rolling a ball into the other room and then going to get it. This was the natural way for children to learn from their own â€Å"experiment†. Piaget developed a theory of cognitive development, known as the Development Stage Theory. Piaget’s theory is broken into four stages. Stage one is the sensorimotor stage, which occurs from birth to two years of age. Children use their five senses and movement to experience the world. Children are completely egocentric.Stage two, Preoperational Thought Stage, occurs from 2 years of age to seven years old. They must be able to organize their own thoughts and ideas. The third stage is Concrete operations stage, from seven years old to eleven ye ars old. This stage of thinking becomes organized on a mental plane. The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is formal operations. This stage occurs from age eleven to adulthood. Thinking goes into the realm of purely abstract and hypothetical (Crain, 2011). Vygotsky was a psychologist; his interest was developmental psychology, child development and education.Vygotsky also studied children’s play. Vygotsky was a Marxist; a person that believes that we can understand humans only in the context of the social-historical environment (Crain, 2011, p. 224). Vygotsky presented the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the range in which a child can complete tasks on their own and tasks that they can complete with guidance from adults to assist. The ZPD captures a child’s cognitive level of maturation (Crain, 2011). This method is guidance assistance; the children gain new skills with minimal assistance.This method helps each child develop equally in the classroom. Biologicial Theory Biological Foundations of Human Development influence the course of development throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some developmental processes include growth during the prenatal period, the onset of puberty, and when a person gets their first grey hair. Most development through the lifespan is a result of successive interactions between biology and experience. (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p. 4)   There are factors of biological development that considers maturation, ethology, and attachment.Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduced several keys into developmental theory and proposed a biological timetable that included these components. Maturation, a theory created by Gesell, is the development of growth and aging over time and depends heavily on biological processes. The theory states that development has a preordained sequence, that the rates vary but the sequence does not, and depends heavily on the internal make up and the environment. The theory basica lly suggests that development begins in the womb. The theory continues on to measure the development of a child in the first few years of life.Maturation definitions include reciprocal intervening, functional asymmetry, self-regulation, individuality, proximodistal, ontogeny/phylogeny, patterning and others. Ethological theories have major influences on biological development. Ethology is the study of behavior within the evolutionary framework. It is the science of animal behavior and the study of human behavior and social organization from a biological standpoint. The theory states that how a person thinks is passed down genetically. Learning has a small role in this theory.Charles Darwin, who wrote the â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, is included in this theory. Though controversial, Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest and natural selection shows that evolution is a major factor in a person’s development. Evolution is factual and gives people the genetics th at create skin color, height, etc. Konrad Lorenz wrote, â€Å"Modern Ethology† and discovered the idea of imprinting. He showed that this is a critical bonding period when animals are born. Animals bond with the first thing they see after they are born, be it their mother or any caregiver.Lorenz studied with Nikolaas Timbergen and they won a Nobel Prize for their work with animal patterns. Ethology includes naturalistic observation, instinctive behavior, and imprinting. Systems Theory Ludwig von Bertalanffy originally proposed general systems theory, in 1928. Bertalanffy was born and grew up in a little town near Vienna. He grew up in a wealthy family and had private tutors. After Bertalanffy’s parents divorced, he found a new example to follow, Paul Kemmerer, a famous biologist. Kemmerer was Bertalanffy’s neighbor. Kemmerer soon became an example for Bertalanffy.Bertalanffy attended the University of Vienna. At this time he had to choose between studying philos ophy and science. Bertalanffy chose to become a biologist. Bertalanffy was a professor at many universities. Many early theorists that studied about system’s theory aimed their work and research to find a general system’s theory that would explain all the systems in all of the fields of science. Bertalanffy developed the â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre†. The â€Å"Allgemeine Systemlehre† is a German term that means a system that can be applied in a number of fields. He did not like when it translated into â€Å"General Systems Theory†.His idea cut across what is known as the Weltanschauung, or worldview that entails Epistemological (study of nature), ontological (relating to existence), and ethical implications. Systems can be controlled or uncontrolled. Today researchers are still using the studies and findings from Bertalanffy. Other researchers of the system’s theory are Barker, â€Å"Behavior Settings† and Learner who did work on lif e expectancy and environment and wrote, â€Å"Developmental Systems Theory. † A most recent theory used in social development today is the use of the four stage model of development.It is a major model used in the measurement from birth to adulthood. The four stages are co-dependant (0-8 months), counter dependant (9-36 months), independent (3-6 years), and interdependent (6-29 years). The most current happenings in system’s research include how environmental factors and culture influence adolescent development. The five theory groups of human development have led to many breakthroughs  in psychology. There are many theorists that have contributed to the five theory groups. However, there are also theorists that are considered to be the founders of each group.All of the theories are relative and may help explain human development, including one’s personality or behavior. Works Cited Crain, W. (2011). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Craig, G. J. , & Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding human development. (2nd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Mike Wade (October 18, 2005) Theories used in Research General System Theories http://www. istheory. yorku. ca/generalsystemstheory. htm   Walonick, David S. (1993) General Systems Theory. http://www. statpac. org/walonick/systems-theory. htm

Akeelah and the Bee

Akeelah was very successful in her Spelling Bee competitions. How many different learning skills are there in this movie to help all the spellers learn? Akeelah’s learning skills are what help her move further and further into the spelling bee. Basically, everyone in this movie has a different way of studying or learning. Akeelah, is a smart 11 year old girl who attends Crenshaw Middle School. She didn’t need to study for her spelling test, because she didn’t make mistakes on her tests. Akeelah doesn’t really fit in at school, she’s afraid of acting like she’s smarter than her friends or classmates.Before she goes for the Crenshaw School wide Spelling Bee, she studies alone. This makes her a Intrapersonal Learner in the beinging of the story. The principle wanted Dr. Larabee to coach her for the Regional Spelling Bee. Akeelah tells her principle no that does not need to be coached. She wanted to study alone. When Akeelah finally agrees to mee t with Dr. Larabee. She still very standoffish. She acted stubborn and hardheaded that she doesn’t need any help. So she ends up study by herself for the District Spelling Bee. She was very scared and nervous when she goes on the stage to spell because of all the people.She won tenth and made to the Regional Bee. There at the District Spelling Bee she befriends Javier a Mexican boy and fellow speller. He invites her to a spelling club at his school. The spelling club conducts itself outside on a basketball court as they pass the ball to each other to spell words. That makes me think that Javier is a Body/ Kinesthetic learner because he learns through body sensation moves around by playing basketball and spelling words. He also falls into Naturalistic learner because he’s outside while playing basketball and spelling words.Akeelah falls under the same two category but she does it a little different. She bounces the balls as she spells each letter. Another reason why I f eel this way is because she likes to be outside when studies her words. She overcomes her stage fright at the Regional Spelling Bee she’s a lot more confident. This is where I noticed that Akeelah is Verbal/ Linguistic learner. I then noticed another habit that she taps her hand on her leg as she says each letter. Just like when she was bouncing the basketball, again another example of her being a Body/ Kinesthetic learner.Dr. Larabee gives her a jump rope to spell the words as she spells, because she keeps time to spell better. This would make her musical/ rhythm because she’s keeping the rhythm as she jumps even when she taps on the side of her leg. Akeelah finally decides to apologize to Dr. Larabee so he can coach her. He doesn’t only want her to learn the words but life lessons as well. Dr. Larabee seems to be a Verbal/ Linguistic learner because he is a teacher and he communicates well through language and is a good speller. He was a former spelling bee co mpetitor when he was younger.Dr. Larabee also seems to be a Intrapersonal learner like Akeelah towards the end of the movie. The reason why I feel this way is because ,he wants to be alone doesn’t want to teach Akeelah any more. Dr. Larabee feels that teaching her is unpredictable. He gives her 5,000 flashcards to learn on her own. Akeelah gets overwhelmed with all those words, that she loses her motivation. With all the help of the neighborhood she learned all the words. As she was learning all these words she was using her jump rope outside going up and down the street.This is another example of her being a Body/ Kinesthetic and a Naturalistic learner. Because she moving her body and she’s outside while she does it. She makes it to National Spelling bee in Washington, D. C. Everything goes great because of her using a fake jump rope on stage to spell her words. The two finalist were Akeelah and Dylan, a Chinese boy who has won second place in the last two National Sp elling Bee’s. He is very contemptuous of her. Dylan’s father will not settle for second best.Dylan seems to be a Visual/ Spatial learner because he memorizes his words instead of learning them. They both win the National Championship. Mnemonic devices were used by all the spellers in this movie, because they would learn the spelling words. Then they use them when they would need them. For example they would use the word when they were ask to spell it In conclusion, most of the characters’ in this movie all had different learning style’s. But was also about the pursuit to pursuit to excellence the speller’s used. The difference between cramming and learning.

Discuss Poe’s use of Setting Essay

In this essay I’ll looking at the stories â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"The Black Cat†. I will discuss in detail Edgar Allen Poe’s use of setting in these three stories. Edgar Allen Poe in a very well known and well respected writer and so gives a lot of attention to detail in his stories and chooses the chooses the setting for them perfectly and explains them with great detail. The story â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† is set at midnight to give it a sense of mystery and horror. The story â€Å"The Cast of Amontillado† is set in the evening and the last story that I’m studying â€Å"The Black Cat† is the longer of the three and so there’s many different setting. These settings include when the main character returns home one night much intoxicated on alcohol or when the main character sits in a â€Å"den of infamy†. Poe uses setting in his stories in very diverse ways, to develop themes, express a state of mind and to create horror. He uses different types of setting for example physical setting and location, setting of time and setting of the psychological mind of the narrator. These three types of setting work together to produce elements of the genre of gothic literature and also to reflect incidents and influences of Poe’s life. . In a way Poe’s real life reflects the lives of the characters in his stories for example he was a heavy drinker, his marriage was troubled and there were rumours that he died from rabies. Poe uses unnatural sounds in his stories to create tension and fear. Some of the sounds he creates are like when he says â€Å"dripping walls† or â€Å"drops of moisture†. Poe also uses ordinary places to create fear such as the catacombs, vault or under the floorboards. In all 3 Poe stories the victims face burial, the places of burial differ in all 3. In â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† the narrator bury the old man under the floorboards. In â€Å"The Black Cat† the wife’s buried in the walls as in the â€Å"Cask of Amontillado†. The immolation in these spaces represents coffins it’s also noticeable that stairs are present in all 3 stories which is like a symbol to a stairway to hell or the underworld. The burials are also symbolic to how the narrator is trying to bury his guilt. Poe’s use of language encourages links with superstition and evil. In â€Å"The Black Cat† the narrator elaborates how his crimes are truly evil. â€Å"†¦I knew that in so doing I was committing a deadly sin that would so jeopardise my immortal soul as to place it †¦ even beyond the reach of the infinite mercy of the most merciful and most terrible God†. The narrator tells each story in first person, allowing the reader to access the mind of the evildoer. The result of this is that you can see inside the mind of the protagonist. The reason that he does this is because it makes you feel like you’re an accomplice to the murder and also you see the main character in â€Å"The Black Cat† slowly degenerate into a state of madness. The use of first person also encourages the reader to feel horror and revolution to the protagonists. I think that all three of the stories discussed in this essay have links with superstition and the devil. The use of Poe’s language reinforces the idea of the presence of evil and to suggest that some force is controlling the narrator (also this takes the blame from him). The protagonists all take the law into their own hands which goes against Christian teachings. Some of the language he uses in these stories to show the presence of evil are â€Å"Fury of a demon†, â€Å"odious pestilence†, â€Å"Terror†, â€Å"Dreadful† and â€Å"Violently†. The title of the story â€Å"The black Cat† is related to witches. People believe that someone who posses the evil eye can cause bad happenings and illness, eyes painted on Mediterranean boats reflect this. The evil eye goes against the idea of eyes and vision and is directly mentioned in â€Å"The Tell Tale Eye† and blamed for the actions of the murder. He describes the man of having the eye of a vulture and he describes it as being a pale blue eye with a film over it. The idea of retribution differs in the three stories as in two of the stories, the protagonists are arrested. However in the other story the narrator gets away with his crime. He is smug when he buries Fortunado and parts with the comment â€Å"In Pace reguisciat† which means ‘Rest in Peace’. Although he said Rest in Peace he himself will not because he will be judged by God and face hell. Poe uses setting effectively to create tension and horror in his stories. He makes obvious uses of the gothic genre to bring the feeling of fear alive.

Criminal profiling and the types of crime Essay

Crime Murder is the unlawful taking of human life It is a behavioral act that terminates life in the context of power, personal gain, brutality, and sometimes sexuality. Murder is a subcategory of homicide, which also includes lawful taking of human life, such as, manslaughter, deaths resulting from criminal and non- criminal negligence, and unpremeditated vehicular deaths (Megargee, 1982) With murder there are murders who sometimes go on for months without being caught for the murders they have done. But eventually, the murder catches on to them through the behavior of the murder. Behavior reflects the personality, everything observed at a crime scene tells a story and reflects something about the unknown subject who committed the crime. (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas, 1988) Modus operandi and victimology are very important factors in an investigation. These terms could link a murder to different scenes of crime that they committed that they are not yet charged with.   Modus operandi is t he method of procedure or a method of operation that suggests the work of one crime to other crimes. Victimology is the study of victims of crime. The offender often leaves signatures (something repeated at each crime, like slashes in the throat and a bullet between the eyes) which can point a profiler at the offender’s personality. Criminal Profiling Do you ever wonder what criminal profilers do? Criminal filer is a job that is different from other jobs people have. â€Å"Criminal profiling is defined and described as a technique whereby the probable characteristics of a criminal offender or offenders are predicted based on the behaviors exhibited in the commission of a crime.† (Kocsis 2006, p. 1) Due to a various amount of crime shows and social media criminal profiling meaning is often misinterpreted and the job is mixed up. Criminal profiler often examines the work a murder does and figures out their personality through crime. There are many different kinds of murderers and types of murders ranging from mass homicide, rape, computer crimes, etc. Homicide. Homicide can be classified by the number of victims, style, and type of homicide. One person is defined as a signal homicide, two victims killed in the same location around the same time is a double homicide and lastly, a triple homicide is three victims killed in the same location around the same time. Unlike homicide mass murders have â€Å"two subcategories of mass murder: classic mass murder and family mass murder. A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   classic mass murder involves one person operating in one location at one period of time,   Ã‚   which could be minutes or hours or even days†¦The second type of mass murder is family mass murder. If four or more family members are killed and the perpetrator takes his own life, it is classified as a mass murder-suicide. Without the suicide and with four or more victims, the murder is classified as a family mass murder.† (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1988) Usually, someone that commits a mass murder is a men tally ill individual whos problems have increased to the point where they act to groups of people who are unrelated to the problems. A Spree murder is a single event with more than one location and no cooling off to think before another murder.   A Serial murder is three or more events in three or more separate locations with a cooling off time. Gang motivated murder is the murder of a group of three or more that sometimes ends in homicide. Arson and Bombing.   Arson is the crime of fire with the intent of harming someone or something. Arson is very hard to investigate due to all the debris, collapsed buildings, and ashes. But when investigating a fire scene you are to find where the fire originated from or started. If the fire does not seem to look like an accident it is a person. Crime scene investigators usually note from arsons that organized arsonist have electronic timing mechanisms, less evidence they were there, and have items to start fires with them. While disorganized crime has the materials with them on hand like cigarettes or lighter fluid, and they leave physical evidence. Aerial bombing is when one attacks a public place where there are to be a lot of people. Rape and Sexual Assault. Rape and sexual assault include criminal offenses in which victims are forced or coerced to participate in sexual activity. Physical violence may or may not be involved. (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas, 1988) Usually victims of rate are put into different categories depending on how old you are. Adults; at least eighteen years old and have the exception for mentally ill, brain impaired, or psychotic, adolescents; thirteen to seventeen years old who have reached puberty, children; twelve year of younger, lastly elders who are sixty or older. When someone reports a rape case the investigators are to see if it was a situational or preferential sexual motives. Examples of both situational and preferential sexual motives are described below: Situationally motivated sexual assaults are those committed to fulfill sexual and other   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   needs without the elements of the offense being necessary for arousal or gratification (such as raping a woman because she is available and vulnerable). Preferentially motivated sexual assaults are those committed to fulfill sexual and other needs with some elements of the offense being necessary for arousal or gratification (for example, raping a woman because the offender cannot feel aroused or gratified without an unwilling partner). (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas, 1988) Sexual rituals are patterns of behavior or rituals that are hard for the rapist to change. Both preferential and situational sex offenders may have an MO, but the preferential offender is more likely to have a sexual ritual. (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas, 1988) Nonlethal crimes. There are criminal acts that begin as, and sometimes remain, nonlethal crimes. In some of the crimes, such as burglary, threats, and stalking, there may be no physical contact, and the victim is not physically injured. But the victim may fear for their life or the life of loved ones, so it is suggested you report these crimes to police. Communication threats are to cause harm by a threat, terrorist threats are a good example of a communication threat. Direct threats are aimed at a certain person while indirect threats are told in a vague manner. There are also written, letter, and symbolic threats to where something is sent to you or placed on a desk or inside a mailbox. We often hear physical threats a lot, our parents may threaten us by telling us they will take our phones if we do not do good on the test. Stalking is often another form of nonlethal crime, stalking is a form of following. Robbery is taking something that is not there, The element of force differentiates robbery from embezzlement, larceny, and other types of theft. Armed robbery involves the use of a weapon. High- way robbery takes place outside and in a public place. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim, usually at gunpoint. Bank robbery is the robbing of banks and financial institutions. (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas, 1988) Computer and cybercrime. Not all crimes are going to be involved in person or through a threat some crimes are involved with cyber and computers. Computer crimes are when someone hacks into a computer system and puts malware that messes up and destroys the computers walls so that the person can take over the computer or destroy it. Virus are a good start to this computer crimes, virus are embedded in emails or music that we download illegally that damages the software or hardware on the computer. A worm is a code that damages computer files or slows the computer down, which comes from other programs like emails.   Trojan horses are programs placed on a computer to send and take information and send it to computer user who used the trojan. Cyberstalking is a use of following a target through social media which is typically like stalking. Money laundering is a crime used to make illegal funds appear to be legal. (Ressler, Burgess, & Douglas, 1988) Bank Fraud is when money is illegall y obtained from on bank account and put into a different bank account. Cybercrime is costing the world $110 billion every year. But according to McAfee Inc. the cost is actually approximately $1 trillion. With all this money being spend on cyber crimes we could be finding new way on how to get rid of cancer or to help stop global warming. Conclusion Crimes come in all different shapes and sizes. Not all crimes need to be homicide or murder they simply can be someone taking over your computer with a virus. Being aware of all these different kinds of crime come in handy. Just remember when committing a crime Modus operandi and victimology are important factors in an investigation and if they don’t find you now they will find you in the future.    References Burgess, A., Burgess, A., & Ressler, R. (1992). Crime Classification Manuel (Second ed.) (J. Douglas, Ed.). Jossey Bass A Wiley Imprint. Geberth, V.J. (1983). Practical homicide investigation: Tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Hyman, P. (2013). Cybercrime: It’s Serious, But Exactly How Serious?. Communications Of The ACM, 56(3), 18-20. doi:10.1145/2428556.2428563 Kocsis, R. N. (2006). Criminal profiling. [electronic resource]: principles and practice. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press, c2006. Pinizzotto, A. J., & Finkel, N. J. (1990). Criminal personality profiling: An outcome and process study. Law And Human Behavior, 14(3), 215-233. doi:10.1007/BF01352750