King Arthur Essay - 1157 Words

King Arthur Character Analysis Although King Arthur is one of the most well-known figures in the world, his true identity remains a mystery. Attempts to identify the historical Arthur have been unsuccessful, since he is largely a product of fiction. Most historians, though, agree that the real Arthur was probably a battle leader of the Britons against the Anglo-Saxons in the sixthth century. In literature, King Arthurs character is unique and ever changing, taking on a different face in every work. There is never a clearly definitive picture that identifies Arthurs character. It is therefore necessary to look at a few different sources to get better insight into the character of Arthur, the once and future king.†¦show more content†¦This work contains all of the most famous Arthurian elements such as the Sword in the Stone, the magical Merlin, and the love affair between Lancelot and Guinevere. But it was Wace, who using Geoffreys work was first to mention Arthurs Round Table and amplify the belief in Ar thurs return from Avilon, or the Isle of Avalon. GRAPH King Arthurs character has many faces. He is shown to be kind, wise and generous on one hand, yet at the same time, he can be seen as a weak king who is stubborn, childish, and unable to make wise decisions for himself or for the good of the court. He is described by Nennius as a powerful warrior, who is able to personally slay 960 men in one charge. Wace shows him possessing leadership qualities as he establishes the Round Table to ensure that justice and peace prevail. In Celtic legends, Arthur is a supernatural hero who battles giants, monsters, and witches. He kills the Demon Cat of Losanne and hunts the boar Twrch Truyth driving him into the sea. (Camelot and Arthurian Legend: Arthur online 4/27/98) GRAPH Some literary work depicts Arthur as an ideal Christian hero and as among Gods elect. Young Arthur is able to withdraw the sword from the stone because he has been chosen by God to be the next king. Officers in the Roman army carried shields bearing portraits of their emperors. Geoffrey describes Arthur having a shield with the likeness ofShow MoreRelated King Arthur Essay1428 Words   |  6 PagesKing Arthur Character Analysis The character of King Arthur is unique in literature. Most characters are known through their actions and words as described by the author of a story. Arthur, however, is a conglomerate of characters described by many different authors over a fifteen hundred year span. There is no single depiction of him, and one cannot trace his origin to a single author for the definitive description. As such, the character of Arthur is different depending on the era, cultureRead More King Arthur Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pages Tales Of King Arthur Since the romanticizing of the Arthurian legends by Geoffery of Monmouth, the historian, during the twelfth century, the legendary king of England has been the source of inspiration for kings, poets, artists and dreamers alike. The most famous work is probably Sir Thomas Malorys Le Morte dArthur, completed around 1470, and published in many abridged and complete versions. Malorys work contains in one the legend that had been continually added to over theRead More King Arthur Essay2674 Words   |  11 PagesKing Arthur The Arthurian legends are well known in todays society. However, very few people know of the real Arthur -- who he was and what his accomplishments were. This paper will establish a difference between legend and truth, show evidence to support and explain who the real Arthur was, and shed some light on the sometimes confusing Arthurian legends. To establish any sort of idea that there was, in fact, a real Arthur, it is imperative to look over the legendary ArthurRead MoreThe Legend Of King Arthur1308 Words   |  6 PagesKing Arthur King Arthur was one of Britain’s and Wale’s most influential literary figures from the early 800’s. Through the ages more caught on to these Arthurian Legends, and they began to embrace them as part of their culture. Some believe that he is only a legend, yet others believe that there is even an Arthur living among us today. While growing up, Arthur was oblivious to his heritage. From becoming a King at the age of 16, Arthur showed courage and strength in the darkest of timesRead MoreKing Arthur Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe stories and legends surrounding the character of King Arthur are among the best known of all stories about kings and knights. The stories and legends surrounding the character of King Arthur are among the best known of all stories about kings and knights. He is the greatest of British literary heroes, although little is known about the real person. Folklore and literature provide examples of a recurrent myth about a leader or hero who has not really died, but is asleep somewhere orRead MoreKing Arthur and Lancelot1131 Words   |  5 Pagesbattle. Nine months later, Merlin takes Uthers son Arthur. Uther pursues but is mortally wounded by Gorloiss knights. Uther thrusts Excalibur into a stone, and Merlin proclaims that he who draws the sword from the stone, he shall be king. Years later Sir Ector and his sons, Kay and Arthur, attend a jousting tournament. Sir Leondegrance wins the chance to try pulling Excalibur from the stone, but fails. Kays sword is later stolen, and Arthur pulls Excalibur from the stone while trying to stopRead MoreCharacteristics Of King Arthur880 Words   |  4 PagesMany know of the epic hero Arthur, but don’t know what it is that makes him so. Though there isn’t one solid story, like Beowulf, there are multiple stories that agree on the same things, such as Arthur’s allegiance to the Knights of the Round table, his companion Merlin, his relationships with his fellow knights, family, and close friends, and the legendary sword Excalibur. When all aforementioned qualities are explained and put together, it can truthfully define Arthur as an epic hero. The legendRead MoreWho Is King Arthur?526 Words   |  2 Pages2010). This quote is the perfect way to describe King Arthur. The stories of King Arthur have been passed down for centuries. He is a huge figure it literature and his stories have impacted many people. What if that is it? What if it is all just stories. History has provided us with much evidence that he is real. We also have a lot of counter evidence as well. So, who exactly was King Arthur and is he a hero born, or just made up? Arthur, a Celtic king who was born of deceit and adultery, became oneRead MoreKing Arthur873 Words   |  4 PagesKing Arthur, was he man of truth or myth? King Arthur was a real person, not just a fictional character. While many believe that King Arthur was a non-fictional character, others feel that he was a fictional character. This was because there is no written record of a King Arthur in any area where he was reportedly born or deceased. King Arthur was real because there many people recall King Arthur or who have known personal stories of him, his family, and the wars he so bravely participated in. ThereRead More King Arthur Essay example1129 Words   |  5 PagesComing of Arthur The Two Swords- Arthur pulls a sword from a stone and becomes king. Then he goes to the Lady of the Lake and she gives him the sword Excalibur and the magic scabbard. Balyn and Balan- Balyn gets a cursed sword and kills the Lady of the Lake. He goes after Garlon the invisible evil night and finds the Castel Carbonek. He stricks King Pelles with the Dolorous Stroke then fights his brother unknowingly and they kill each other. The First Quest of the Round Table- King Arthur

The Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model - 1626 Words

The engineering component of the Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model predicts wind and rain damage to a variety of modelled building configurations in an effort to model hurricane losses. The program uses a Monte Carlo approach to probabilistically simulating damage to the exterior components of the models, but currently assigns costs to the damaged components deterministically. This implementation does not capture variations in component costs and building values. This paper investigates replacing the deterministic costing with probabilistic relationships to more accurately reflect the uncertainty of the vulnerability outputs. The results indicate that cost variations do not significantly impact the variation of the vulnerability results. The conclusion of the paper presents possible explanations for this and recommendations for further investigation. The Florida Public Hurricane Loss Model (FPHLM) is a catastrophe model that predicts hurricane related insured losses to residential infrastructure in the state of Florida. Currently, the model analyses three different types of properties: personal residential buildings (single family buildings), commercial residential low rise buildings (multi-family buildings), and commercial residential mid/high rise buildings (buildings in excess of 3 stories that house multiple families). The models consist of a meteorological (hazard) component, an engineering (building vulnerability) component, and an actuarial component. The FPHLMShow MoreRelatedThe Hazards Of South Florida1335 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Florida is home to 5.8 million residents. This area consists of Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County. Through out the year these residents and also tourists have to deal with different hazards. I will be choosing Fort Lauderdale as my community. Fort Lauderdale has to deal with severe thunderstorms and hurricanes. Both of these hazards bring with them multiply hazards themselves. They bring severe wind, lightning strikes, flooding, and storm surges. South Florida alsoRead MoreSummary : What Leaders Could Have Done Better?1427 Words   |  6 Pagesupcoming hurricane. They tried to get them to prepare and evactuate. People are stubborn and do not listen to these warning. There were so many storm threats, people should have headed those warnings. They had the hurricane center broadcast continually. They had news programs continually on to get people to be safe and leave. The y had information on the internet on how to prepare for hurricanes. The leadership could have done a better job by fixing problems that arose from previous hurricanes. TheyRead MoreThe Hurricane Devastation Of The United States933 Words   |  4 PagesThe massive hurricane that decimated large areas of the southeastern coast originated as a small category 1 hurricane. The state and federal government received lots of criticism for their minimal preparation and their ineffectual evacuation procedures. The storm shed light on the role of the government in natural disasters and its need for serious evaluation. During the first few hours of the storm, the Louisiana National Guard did not feel concerned about the approaching rainfall. Once membersRead MoreThe Debate On Global Warming1087 Words   |  5 Pagesthat major threats like hurricanes and typhoons, are one of the most dangerous threats because of the fact that it is called a nature hike. A nature hike is a path through the forest or countryside; in which, it is designed to draw attention to the neutral features. He also thinks, that global warming is making people suffer in the Gulf Coast of the world. States such as Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Texas, and more are a prime example of states that are experiencing the loss of civilians. Gore statesRead MoreThe Natural Hazards That Have Impacted The United States3143 Words   |  13 PagesWhile we do not have historical record of all of the natural hazards that have impacted the United States, we do know that for multitudes of years, the United States has been hit by many natural hazards – hurricane, tornado, drought, wildfire, flood and earthquake, to name a few. As each of these natural hazards occur, multiple issues arise – relative to the core components of emergency management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Yet, even with prior knowledge from years pastRead MoreWhat Is Climate Change?1794 Words   |  8 PagesIn the late summer of 2004 I started kindergarten a total of four different times. My hometown, Orlando, Florida, was struck by category four hurricane Charley category two hurricane Frances, and category four hurricane Jean in a span of only six weeks ¹. At five years old, I had no concept that this was an unusually large number of hurricanes to be hitting central Florida, let alone the fact that the intensity and number of these storms was likely exacerbated by climate change. I come from a familyRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Natural Disaster on a Society1176 Words   |  5 Pagesfactors and infectious or ganisms. It may result in a wide range of aftermaths, however, only the most prominent ones of these will be examined including casualties caused by a disaster, public health crises and economic depression. Firstly, the most direct and immediate impact of a natural disaster on a society is the loss of human life. In certain types of natural disasters large number of casualties may not occur, nevertheless in the scenario of a far-reaching flood and earthquake, the death toll couldRead MoreRisk Assessment For The Largo Fire Rescue Response District1881 Words   |  8 Pagesplausible and have substantial consequences (DHS, 2013, p. 7-8). The Vision 20/20 document â€Å"A Guide for Conducting a Community Risk Assessment† provides a detailed approach to Community Risk Reduction. It outlines a six-step Community Risk Reduction model that includes: 1. Identifying Risks. 2. Prioritizing Risks. 3. Developing Strategies Tactics to Mitigate Risks. 4. Preparing a CRR Plan. 5. Implementing the CRR Plan. 6. Monitoring, Evaluating, and Modifying the CRR Plan (Stouffer, 2016, p. 1). StepsRead MoreThe Current Critical Incident Analysis Model Essay2069 Words   |  9 PagesQuestion 1( The current critical incident analysis model is about the dynamic interrelationship between the main components in the critical event. Each component, the event, the political arena and the bureaucracy and adhocracy, have processes, actors and dependencies the all come together within the event. This model also shows the cyclic influence that the media has on the communication between all the components, be it positive or negative. The model acts as a conceptual framework to capture the influencesRead MoreEssay on Fema4227 Words   |  17 PagesNational Weather Service Community Preparedness Program and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. John Macy was appointed as FEMA’s first director and the mission became to prevent and protect the United States from disasters – whether it be hurricanes, tornados or war (12). FEMA operated as an independent agency until March of 2003, when FEMA was placed with 22 other federal agencies into the newly created Department of Homeland Security. This was the largest government reorganization

Social Justice Billy Budd Essay Example For Students

Social Justice Billy Budd Essay BILLY BUDD Before the Fall, Adam and Eve were perfect. They were innocent and ignorant, yet perfect, so they were allowed to abide in the presence of God. Once they partook of the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil, however, they immediately became unclean as well as mortal. In Billy Budd, the author, Herman Melville, presents a question that stems directly from this original sin of our first parents: Is it better to be innocent and ignorant, but good and righteous, or is it better to be experienced and knowledgeable? I believe that through this book, Melville is telling us that we need to strike some kind of balance between these two ideas; we need to have morality and virtue; we need to be in the world, but not of the world. To illustrate his theme, Melville uses a few characters who are all very different, the most important of which is Billy Budd. Billy is the focal point of the book and the single person whom we are meant to learn the most from. On the ship, the Rights-of-Man, Billy is a cynosure among his shipmates; a leader, not by authority, but by example. All the members of the crew look up to him and love him. He is ?strength and beauty. Tales of his prowess recited. Ashore he the champion, afloat the spokesman; on every suitable occasion always foremost?(9). Despite his popularity among the crew and his hardworking attitude, Billy is transferred to another British ship, the Indomitable. And while he is accepted for his looks and happy personality, hardly here he that cynosure he had previously been among those minor ships companies of the merchant marine?(14). It is here, on the Indomitable that Billy says good-bye to his rights. It is here, also, that Billy meets John Claggart, the master-at-arms. A man ?in whom was the mania of an evil nature, not engendered by vicious training or corrupting books or licentious living but born with him and innate, in short ?a depravity according to nature?(38). Here then, is presented a man with a personality and character to contrast and conflict with Billys. Sweet, innocent Billy immediately realizes that this man is someone he does not wish to cross and so after seeing Claggart whip another crew-member for neglecting his responsibilities, Billy ?resolved that never through remissness would he make himself liable to such a visitation or do or omit aught that might merit even verbal reproof?(31). Billy is so good and so innocent that he tries his hardest to stay out of trouble. ?What then was his surprise and concern when ultimately he found himself getting into petty trouble occasionally about such matters as the stowage of his bag?which brought down on him a vague threat from one of ?(31).These small threats and incidents establish the tension between Claggart and Billy, and set the stage for a later confrontation. They also force Billy to search for help. The person he goes to is yet another type of character presented in this book. Red Whiskers. Red Whiskers was an old veteran, ?long anglicized in the service, of few words, many wrinkles, and some honorable scars?(31). Billy recognizes the old Dansker as a figure of experience, and after showing respect and courtesy which Billy believes due to his elder, finally seeks his advice, but what he is told thoroughly astonishes him. Red Whiskers tells Billy that for some reason, Claggart is after Billy, but Billy cannot believe it because he is so innocent and trusting. Through this situation Billy now finds himself in, Melville has us ask ourselves a question: Would it be right for Billy to heed the advice of experience and wisdom and tell the captain about Claggarts conspiracy? Or should he instead keep his mouth shut and try to work things out himself?Being the good person that he is, Billy tries to forget about it and hopes that it will pass, but it does not. And that is where the fourth of these few characters comes in. .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 , .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .postImageUrl , .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 , .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:hover , .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:visited , .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:active { border:0!important; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:active , .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9 .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue86e5ba0065b578a15d13801b39e3eb9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet Reflections Essay Captain Vere, with his love for knowledge and books, and his settled convictions as a dike against those invading waters of novel opinion, social, political, and otherwise, which carried away as in a torrent no few minds in those days, minds by nature not inferior to his own?(25-26).Vere is a man who believes in rules, regulations, and procedure. In his opinion, everything must be done according to instruction, and deviation from that set way of thinking and operation is wrong. This way of thinking is illustrated as Melville commits what he calls a ?literary sin?: In this matter of writing, resolve as one may to keep to the main road, some bypath s have an enticement not readily to be withstood. I am going to err into such a bypath. If the reader will keep me company I shall be glad. At the least we can promise ourselves that pleasure which is wickedly said to be in sinning, for a literary sin the divergence will be. (20) Because of his philosophy, Captain Vere always strives to do that which he believes to be right according to the laws set by his superior officers. This is a stark contrast to Billy, who keeps quiet when he learns about a conspiracy to mutiny among the crew on board. In the books climax, Claggart comes to Captain Vere and accuses Billy of conspiring to mutiny. Billy, so astonished by Claggarts allegation, strikes him dead with one blow to the head.In an effort to uphold military law and regulation, Captain Vere holds a trial in which he manipulates the reluctant court into convicting Billy and sentencing him to death. But his death was not agonizing or tortuous. It was instead, majestic. ?At the same moment it chanced that the vapory fleece hanging low in the East was shot through with a soft glory as of the fleece of the Lamb of God seen in mystical vision, and simultaneously therewith, watched by the wedged mass of upturned faces, Billy ascended, and, ascending, took the full rose of the dawn?(80). Such glory and beauty in death can only be achieved by those who are truly ready and without regret, as Billy was. The question, then, is presented. Innocence or wisdom? Which philosophy, which way of life is more correct? Claggart, who represents the natural evil in the world, serves as the opposition and corruption which we face everyday. He is the obstacle that Billy must deal with, and the way in which he confronts that obstacle determines which of these answers is the correct one. Melville, in presenting the climax of the book, might be suggesting that it would have been better for Billy to have chosen the path of experience and wisdom, like old Red Whiskers, for if he had, he would still be alive. However, I believe that through this allusion to Christs crucifixion, he is showing us that perhaps we should not always only be concerned about ourselves, but also about those around us. Perhaps that through morals and virtue, we can rise above the evil in the world and make an impact on the lives of those around us.The newspaper article near the end of the book portrays this perfectly. It brands Billy as a traitor, but his shipmates will not have it so. They kept track of the spar from which he was hanged until it becomes a mere dock-yard boom. To them a chip of it was as a piece of the Cross?(87). The legend of Billys innocence will not die, and it changes the lives of the sailors forever. I believe Melville is saying that true goodness, aspersed by a Satanic Claggart, and doomed to death by a perplexed but upright Vere, even dead, is better than all the wisdom and experience of the world because it exists after death, and therefore triumphs.4

Unknown Lab Report Essay Example

Unknown Lab Report Paper Results Unknown #25 had the following morphology on a streak plate: medium sized buyouts cream colored colony. Grandstanding was utilized as a first step to differentiate between gram-positive and gram-negative. After determining that t was a Gram negative single bacillus, biochemical tests performed and their purpose and results are shown in table and flow chart form. Table 1: biochemical Test Results Test purpose I Reagents Observations I Results I Gram stain I To determine the Gram reaction tooth bacterium Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Sarnia Pink rod Cram-negative rods I Carbohydrate (Glucose) fermentation To determine the ability of a bacterium to ferment a carbohydrate, make acid or gas Durham tube Color change from red to yellow, bubble in Durham tube Positive carbohydrate fermentation, acid reduction and gas production Thyrotrophic digestion I To determine the ability of an organism to split indolence from thyrotrophic I Kavas drop added to Trenton broth I Kind of colorless and list green ring at top of broth Negative thyrotrophic digestion Sistine digestion I To determine the ability of an organism to catabolic certain amino acids I Iron ions I Color didnt changed remained creamy Negative Sistine digestion Citrate Utilization To determine the organism is able to utilize citrate as a carbon source I Citrate slant (green) Biorhythms blue I Color changed from green to deep blue I Positive for titrate utilization urea digestion To determine the ability of an organism to catabolic ammonia Phenol Color didnt change stayed bright orange Negative for urea digestion I Flowchart Gram stain Gram-negative Rod Glucose fermentation (positive) Positive Unknown# 25 Negative Escherichia coli Pseudonymous organisms Interrogator arrogates Pseudonymous fluorescent Salmonella enteritis Seriate mercenaries Protests vulgarism Gelatin drowsily (positive) Positive Negative Seriate mercenaries Salmonella enteritis Motility test (negative) Escherichia coli Interrogator arrogates Unknown# 3 Protests vulgarism Discussion/ Conclusion After several differential tests, it was concluded that unknown# 25 was Protests vulgarism. Tater performing the Gram stain to determine that the unknown was a Gram negative rod, the organism grown on slant for use in inoculating the rest of the biochemical tests. All of the biochemical tests worked well except for the motility, cytosine digestion and urea digestion. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to chart it should be positive but because of the human error, not appropriate temperature, and too old culture, etc it gave a false negative result. For example: the culture that seed it might be too old, or when was inoculating the culture to the urea it might be hot, leaded to kill the bacterium _ That is Why got false negative result. Other than this everything (data) was great and into the conclusion the unknown was Protests vulgarism. P. vulgarism is in the Intercontinental family and opportunistic pathogen of humans. Colonies of Protests inhabits the intestinal tracts Of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water and fecal matter.

The Flip Side essays

The Flip Side essays The Flip Side Prejudice- an opinion formed without knowing the facts or by ignoring the facts Racism- a belief that race is the primary determinate of human traits Stereotype- a way of thinking about a person, group, etc. That follows a fixed common pattern, paying no attention to individual differences These are words that we hear each and every day. People use them to talk about the need for tolerance and change. However, this essay is not about Martin Luther King or Malcolm X. Nor is this about Adolph Hitler or Mussolini. This essay is about the flip side of the story. It's about the way in which the minority stereotypes the majority. It's about the racism and the prejudices that are placed on the white middle to upper class culture. I feel it is necessary to take the time to look at the perspective of the accused. The type of prejudice I speak of is the type of prejudice that goes unsaid. This prejudice exists deep in the hearts and minds of many once oppressed people. The question you ask is, "if it goes unsaid, then how do we know it is there?" The answer is that it reveals itself through the actions of the people who hold it. It appears when I walk down the streets of Birmingham and an African American gives me a look that shouts you're not welcome. It appears when I open the door for a young lady and I can tell by her face that she blames me for over a hundred years of oppression. It appears when the hard working, blue collar worker sees me pull out my leather billfold at the local McDonalds and looks at me like I am not a man because everything has been handed to me. These are the prejudices that go unsaid, but most definitely exist. These prejudices exist because the minority needs someone to blame. Don't get me wrong. I am not trying to negate the horrible discriminations that have occurred in our country whether they are racial, sexual, or economic. Of...

Pros and Cons of Teacher Tenure

Pros and Cons of Teacher Tenure Teacher tenure, sometimes referred to as career status, provides job security for teachers who have successfully completed a probationary period. The purpose of tenure is to protect teachers from being fired for noneducational issues including personal beliefs or personality conflicts with administrators, school board members, or any other authority figure. Tenure Definition Teacher  tenure  is a policy that restricts the ability of administrators or school boards to fire teachers. Contrary to popular belief, tenure is not a guarantee of lifetime employment, but cutting through the red tape needed to fire a tenured teacher can be extremely difficult, the website notes. Laws pertaining to teacher tenure vary from state to state, but the overall spirit is the same. Teachers who receive tenure have a higher level of job security than a nontenured teacher. Tenured teachers have certain guaranteed rights that protect them from losing their jobs for unsubstantiated reasons. Probationary Status vs. Tenured Status To be considered for tenure, an educator must teach at the same school for a certain number of consecutive years with satisfactory performance. Public school teachers, in grammar, middle, and high school generally have to teach for three years to earn tenure. Private school teachers have a wider range: from one to five years depending on the school. The years prior to tenure status are called probationary status. Probationary status is essentially a trial run for teachers to be evaluated- and if necessary to terminated- through a much easier process than one who has received tenured status. Tenure does not transfer from district to district. If a teacher leaves one district and accepts employment in another, the process essentially starts over. In higher education, it generally takes six or seven years to earn tenure, which at colleges and universities is known as a full professorship or simply as achieving the position of professor. In the years before achieving tenure, a teacher might be an instructor, an associate professor, or an assistant professor. Typically, college or university instructors are given a series of two- or four-year contracts and then reviewed around their third year, and again in the fifth or sixth year. To achieve tenure, a non-tenured instructor might need to exhibit published research, proficiency in attracting grant funding, teaching excellence, and even community service or administrative ability, depending on the institution. Tenured teachers in public education at the grammar, middle, or high school level, are entitled to due process when they are threatened with dismissal or nonrenewal of contract. This process is exceedingly tedious for administrators because just like in a trial case, the administrator must show proof that the teacher is ineffective and has failed to meet district standards in a hearing before the school board. The administrator must produce definitive evidence that he gave the teacher the support and resources necessary to correct the problem if it is an issue relating to the educators performance. The administrator must also be able to show proof that the teacher willingly neglected her duty as a teacher. Differences Among States States differ as  to how a teacher achieves tenure, as well as in the due process procedure for firing a tenured teacher. According to the  Education Commission of the States, 16 states regard performance as the most important step for a teacher to earn tenure, while others place a higher level of importance on the amount of time an educator has spent working in the classroom. The organization notes some of the differences in how states handle the issue of tenure: Florida, North Carolina, Kansas, and Idaho have chosen to repeal tenure outright, phase out tenure, or remove due process provisions, though Idaho’s effort to abolish tenure was reversed by its voters.Seven states require districts to return teachers to probationary status if their performance is rated unsatisfactory.Instead of making layoff decisions on the basis of tenure status or seniority, 12 states require that teacher performance be the primary consideration. Ten  states explicitly prohibit the use of tenure status or seniority. The American Federation of Teachers notes that there are wide disparities in due process in regard to firing or disciplining tenured teachers. Citing a New York court case, Wright v. New York, the organization said that due process for firing a tenured teacher- which the plaintiffs attorney in the case called uber due process- lasted an average of 830 days and cost more than $300,000, meaning that very few administrators would pursue a case of terminating a tenured teacher. The federation adds that an analysis using the New York State Education Department data found that in 2013, disciplinary cases took only about 177 days statewide. And in New York City, data show that the median length of proceedings is just 105 days. Indeed, Connecticut has adopted an 85-day policy for terminating tenured teachers, unless there is agreement from both sides to extend the process, the AFT says. Pros of Tenure Advocates for teacher tenure say that teachers need protection from power-hungry administrators and school board members who have personality conflicts with a particular teacher. For example, tenure status protects a teacher when a school board member’s child fails the teachers class. It provides job security for teachers, which can translate to happier teachers who perform at a higher level. ProCon.org sums up a few other pros of teacher tenure: Tenure protects teachers from being fired for teaching unpopular, controversial, or otherwise challenged curricula such as evolutionary biology and controversial literature, says the nonprofit website that examines the arguments for and against various issues.Tenure helps with recruitment because it offers teachers a stable and secure job.Tenure gives teachers the freedom to be creative in the classroom and rewards them for their years of dedication. Tenure also ensures that those who have been there longest have guaranteed job security in tough economic times even though a more inexperienced teacher may cost the district significantly less in salary. Cons of Tenure Opponents of tenure argue that it is too difficult to get rid of a teacher who has been proved to be ineffective in the classroom. Due process is particularly tedious and difficult, they say, adding that districts have tight budgets, and the costs of a due process hearing can cripple a district’s budget. ProCon.org summarizes some of the other cons opponents cite when discussing teacher tenure: Teacher tenure leads complacency because teachers know they are not likely to lose their employment.Teachers already have sufficient protection through court rulings, collective bargaining, and state and federal laws making tenure unnecessary.Because of tenure rules, its too expensive to remove educators, even when their performance is subpar or they are guilty of wrongdoing. Finally, opponents argue that administrators are less likely to discipline a teacher who is tenured compared to one who is a probationary teacher even if they have committed the same offense because it is such a difficult proposition to remove a tenured teacher.

ETHAL'S CHOCOLATE LOUNGE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ETHAL'S CHOCOLATE LOUNGE - Essay Example Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges: Back to the Future? Chocolate Lounges Taste Sweet Success Case Background The case presents the marketing strategies implemented by Ethel’s Chocolate Lounges since its inception in 2005 in the neighborhood of Lincoln Park in Chicago. Reported to be named after the matriarch of the family known to produce the famous Mars chocolates, Ethel, with husband, Frank, the chocolate lounges were designed to parallel the successful stints of coffee shops like Starbucks. The disparity comes in terms of offering chocolate drinks together other chocolate products to sophisticated clientele in search for â€Å"approachable gourmet chocolates† in an impeccable environment. In this regard, the case study would aim to address the issues of consumer buying decision; factors that influence consumers to spend and factors that motivate them; as well as needs that Ethel's experience appeals to most. Type of Consumer Buying Decision Ethel’s Chocolate Lo unges has explicitly indicated that their lounges â€Å"are designed to coddle patrons in the lap of luxury, but Mars president John Haugh maintains that what makes Ethel's special is that it offers ‘approachable gourmet chocolate’† (Cengage Cites, 2008, p. 13). ... 13). Having established their customers’ profile and the products and services that Ethel Chocolate Lounges offer, the type of consumer buying decision depends on the level of involvement of the consumer and the extent of differences among brands (MBA Lectures, 2010). For this case, since the customer is seeking variety and the elegance offered by Ethel Chocolate Lounges, these customers are classified as variety seekers and their buying behavior is variety seeking buying behavior. Accordingly, â€Å"variety seeking buying behavior occurs in a situation of low consumer involvement but significant brand differences† (MBA Lectures, 2010, par. 5). Consumers’ involvement are not significantly high since they could be influenced by peers encouraging them to try out the gourmet chocolates and even if these products are significantly high in price, the cost of the products are not too expensive when compared with luxury products or furnitures, appliances and other high priced items. These customers are mostly seeking specialty products requiring cognitive decision making in terms of added comforts and services offered by the lounges aside from the products per se. Factors that Influence Consumer to Spend Money Having established the consumer profiles, the factors that influence consumers to spend money are as follows: (1) a place to chitchat and relax with friends; (2) a venue for experiencing a relaxing ambiance where socializing is encouraged; (3) the option to try new ways to enjoy chocolates (as beverages, as truffles, and in over 50 varieties); and (4) an opportunity to be included in the ‘in’ crowd. Factor that will motivate a Consumer the Most From the

Music History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music History - Essay Example According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the Alleluia was introduced into Western churches around the fourth century and sung in response to the reading of the psalms (Bewerunge, Henry. "Plain Chant."). However, it is generally believed that the official recording occurred in the eighth century when St. Gregory made the effort to compile his beloved church music. It is at this time that the neum, the name of the strange characters, came into existence. (Bewerunge, Henry. "Neum"). The Alleluia was a melismatic composition which means that there were complex notes and melodies carried out on one syllable. The manuscript shows the squiggles streaming after the "a" in "Alleluia" which would suggest that the sound of the "a" is prolonged in the melody. The marks indicate how the sounds are sung or modulated, that is, whether there are glides or trills for example. Accent signs such as the acutus (/) written from left to right over a syllable would indicate a rise in the melody and the grav is, drawn downwards () would be the opposite, to lower the note. The gravis was abbreviated over time to only a dot, or punctum, and as a result was used in combination with (Last Name) 2 other marks to determine the melody. For example, in the group scandicus it shows an ascending group of three or more notes, drawn from left to right, and in the group climacus (), a descending group of notes (Bewerunge, Henry. "Neum"). The Alleluia chant was first used at Easter Sunday, then extended for the entire Easter period, then, courtesy of St. Gregory, again extended for use during the entire year with the exception of the period before Lent (Bewerunge, Henry. "Plain Chant."). As a praise to God, it seems appropriate that it should be used more than one or two times a year. The Agnus Dei is another example of plainchant or Gregorian chant as it is commonly called. However, the neums have evolved into another form in order to further convey the musical meaning. The Catholic Encyclopedia translates the Latin words ""Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis" to "Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world, have mercy on us" (Henry, Hugh. "Agnus Dei (in Liturgy)"). In Henry Hugh's same article, he states that the Agnus Dei is generally used toward the end of the service before the giving of the Holy Communion. He also mentions that it is also found at the end of litanies, with a slightly different wording and in Requiem Masses. Early Agnus Dei plainsongs were mostly syllabic, where each syllable was given its own note and were mostly sung during days of "penitential character" such as during Lent or Advent, except Good Friday and Holy Saturday (Henry, Hugh. "Agnus Dei (in Liturgy)"). This example of the Agnus Dei is more embellished, and i t falls into the neumatic category, where two or more notes, are applied to one syllable. Sometimes up to a dozen notes are used in the neumatic form and it differs from the melismatic compositions where one will find a syllable carried for dozens of different notes. At the beginning of each four-line staff, there is a notation on the upper line and this tells what mode or key the piece will be in. In this case, it is the mode of C. The other popular mode was the key of F and later, the key of G was introduced. Bewerunge notes in his article in th

Professional Roles And Values Essay Example for Free

Professional Roles And Values Essay Nursing is governed by state boards of nursing, specific to the state that the nurse is practicing in. These boards seek to define the scopes of practice particular to a specific set of people, such registered nurses, practical nurses, home health aides, etc. The New Jersey State Board of Nursing dictates things like applications, accreditation, fees, and continuing education requirements. It is regulatory in nature. (NJ Board of Nursing, n.d.) As a labor and delivery nurse, the professional organization that enhances my practice is AWHONN (Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal nurses). As opposed to the board of nursing which provides direction to general nursing practices and procedures, AWHONN is specific to my field. It provides current research, education opportunities, and clinical resources. (Awhonn.org, n.d.) An important aspect in delivering nursing care is the nursing code of ethics. The American Nurses Association (ANA) oversees this code of ethics. There are many ethical implications in nursing care in every specialty. In obstetrics, one of my biggest ethical dilemmas is the subject of abortion. Should a healthcare provider have the right to refuse to take part in any medical procedure? The nursing code of ethics allows health care providers to apply conscientious objection to this situation. Conscientious objection is allowed in situations where the â€Å"action would violate some deploy held moral or ethical value about right and wrong (Odell, Abhyankar, Malcom, Rua, 2014). Another example of how the code of ethics influences my practice is the protection of the rights of privacy and confidentiality. I am sometimes given information from patients during the admission process that other family members, even the father of the baby, may not know. Things such as previous abortions, sexually transmitted diseases, and number of sexual partners are pertinent in my treatment of the patient, but are often not things that they would like shared with the rest of the family (Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2015). I believe one of the most important traits a nurse can possess is that of patient advocacy. People are usually at their most vulnerable when they are sick and may not be able to adequately advocate for themselves. Another important traits I would bring to an interdisciplinary team of healthcare providers is respect, respect for the patient and their choices, respect for my colleagues, but especially when I disagree with decisions made by either. Collaboration is also an important trait as a patient’s care is usually multi-disciplinary. Finally, responsibility and accountability are essential traits when part of a team. Team members need to be able to trust the people they are working with. Inevitably, mistakes are made and the true test of a professional is when they are able to own up and take responsibility for their wrongs. Code of Ethics for Nurses, 2015). There is an element in most nursing theories that influences my practice. Dorothea E. Orem’s self-care theory most resonates with my care of the maternity patient. It encompasses physical, interpersonal, psychological, and social aspects. Since most of the labor patients I take care of are considered â€Å"well† patients with insignificant medical issues, most of my time is spent teaching and observing – making sure my patient is able to care for her child once she leaves the hospital. This includes determining not only the physical needs, but also social and psychological well being of mother and father or extended family members involved in the care of the infant. Another influential figure in women’s health care was Margaret Sanger. She founded an organization called the American Birth Control League, presently known as Planned Parenthood. Sanger was a pioneer in the movement to improve women’s health through birth control and family planning. A controversial move at the time, she distributed pamphlets discussing birth control, menstruation, and sexuality. She was also instrumental in the founding of the first birth control clinic in the United States. Family planning and birth control continue to be extremely important women’s health initiatives (Wikipedia, 2015). On a daily basis, I strive to create a safe, respectful environment for all  of my patients. Beneficence is defined as â€Å"the doing of active goodness, kindness, or charity, including all actions intended to benefit others†(beneficence, n.d.) while nonmaleficence is defined as â€Å"the ethical principle of doing no harm†(nonmaleficence, n.d.). An example that exemplifies both of these traits is in a recent patient who presented to the hospital for induction of labor. After doing a thorough history of prior pregnancies, I determined the patient had a previous cesarean section. This information didn’t automatically exclude her from induction but it would dictate what induction method we would use. After further research and a request of records from another institution, it was determined that patient actually had a vertical uterine incision, which is not only a contraindication for induction but also a contraindication for vaginally delivery. At the very least, we avoided an emergency cesarean section, which had the potential to impact both the mother and infant’s life. As a maternity nurse, beneficence is a part of my daily routine, but following through on incomplete, undocumented information was an ethical decision I made to make sure the patient received proper care. References American Nurses Association, (2015). Association of Women’s Health, Obstetrics, and Neonatal Nurses. (n.d.) Retrieved February 2, 2015, from https://www.awhonn.org/awhonn/content.do?name=10_AboutUs/10_AboutUs_landing.htm Beneficence. (n.d.) Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved February 17 2015 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/beneficence Code of Ethics for Nurses. (2015). Retrieved January 28, 2015, from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics-For-Nurses.html Margaret Sanger. (2015, February 2). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 05:22, February 17, 2015, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Sangeroldid=645358719 New Jersey Board of Nursing Laws. (n.d.). Retrieved February 1, 2015, from http://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/nursing/nur_rules.htm nonmaleficence. (n.d.) Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. (2003). Retrieved February 17 2015 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/nonmaleficence Odell, J., Abhyankar, R., Malcom, A., Rua, A. (2014). Conscientious objection in health professions: A reader’s guide to the ethical and social issues. Retrieved February 1, 2015, from https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/3845/conscientious-objection-short- overview-20140201.pdf

Free Hamlet Essays: Talk and Action in Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Talk and Action in Hamlet The character of Hamlet is very prestigious, but he has many shortcomings. In many cases, he shows that he is all words and no action. He waits until the very last minute to take a course of action. Hamlet realizes this, and he wishes that he had the characteristics of Fortinbras, Laertes, and Horatio. During the course of the play, Hamlet just talks and talks about what he plans on doing, but when an opportunity arrises to make good on his word, he backs down. for instance, when he finds Claudius praying, he could have easily killed him and been done with it. but instead, he makes up an excuse for himself, saying that it is dishonorable to kill someone in the church. Even Laertes agreed with Claudius when he said in Act IV, Scene 7 that "no place indeed should murder sanctuarize." The only times that Hamlet takes action is when he has no choice. He takes action when he is sent to England. He only does anything, because if he doesn't, he will be killed. The other time that he uses action instead of words is, of course, at the end. but by that time, it is already too late. Laertes, on the other hand, was quite the opposite. He was all action and no talk. A very headstrong character, he was rash and let his emotions make his decisions for him. an example of this is when he finds out about his father's death, he immediately assumes it was Claudius and enters the castle by force, fully intending on killing him. This is what Hamlet needs to be like, but only in moderation. Sometimes, when the time calls for it, you must act on instinct, without having to think it through for a couple of days. Hamlet didn't want to be brash and end up getting killed like Laertes did, but then again, Laertes did avenge his father's death a lot faster than Hamlet did. And in spite of all the thinking and planning, Hamlet still ended up the same way that Laertes did. Fortinbras was a mix of the previous two. He carefully planned out his strategy, and then acted on it when they were finished. He showed that he was not too reckless by sending his captain ahead of him to announce that he was coming, so that the king might have repay him instead of fighting him and losing men.

Cell extraction

I was conducting count. When I got to the top of the stairs the inmate was standing in is cell in front of the bars with a cup in his hands. As I passed he threw the contents of the cup. The contents hit me on the right side of the face. This is considered to be an assault on an officer, and the inmate now has to be extracted from his cell. The extraction team has usually 7 to 8 staff involved, all of the team will have been through the cell extraction training and have done cell extractions in a controlled environment.The officer in charge will approve the extraction and oversee the operation. The segregation lead worker is the team leader and will deploy the Freeze Plus or the Taster which ever tool is approved by the OIC and the officer of the day. There is a staff member that uses the shield. There will be two staff members that are control 1 and 2. These members of the team are to cannonading†¦ Control of the inmate's arms and legs so the restraint members can apply the res traints, there are usually 1 or 2 officers doing this.One member will run the video tape for staff and inmate protection if a case ever goes to court, and will be used for training purposes in the future. There is one staff member that runs the bar box that opens the door to he cell. There is a member of health services that is in the unit in case of complications during the extraction. To do a proper extraction you must give the inmate the opportunity to correct his actions. So the correctional professional gives orders, 3 orders are given to the inmate to back up and be restrained.If the inmate refuses the initial orders, a final order is given to the inmate cell front then the inmate is informed which force will be used. If the inmate refuses the final order, use the tool that was approved for the extraction. The Taster shoots two small barbs attached to electric wires that will shock with 50,000 volts for seven seconds and then stops, if the inmate still will not comply with ord ers the Taster can be utilized again if the barbs are still attached to the inmate.This is one tool that is available for us to use. The chemical agent that the Department of Corrections uses is called Freeze Plus. It is a fogging and direct spray chemical agent. When using the Freeze Plus, we spray the inmate across the eyebrows allowing the spray to get into the inmate's eyes, any exposure on the face there will be eye irritation, and this is the other tool hat is available.After the deployment of either the Taster or the Freeze, we have the bar box operator open the cell door allowing the shield and the rest of the extraction team into the cell and gain compliance of the inmate. This is the most dangerous moment in a cell extraction because all hell breaks loose. Once the extraction team has gained compliance escort the inmate into the office and allow health services to do an examination on the inmate Loading†¦ Most correctional professionals don't like to do the cell extra ction because it puts Taft at risk of getting hurt and sued from the inmate.The main thing that we say is everyone goes home safe, the cell extraction can be a dangerous time for staff, but is a good way to move a noncompliance inmate from one cell to more secured location. The Department of Corrections only uses the cell extraction as a last resort in order to create a safe environment for inmates and officers. I am good at performing cell extraction's it is something I have trained on over and over again. I have to be good because any mistake can cost my staff or an inmate their life.

Aurora Borealis Essay

The Aurora Borealis is a beautiful display of lights created by nature that appear in the night sky. â€Å"Aurora Borealis†, the Latin name of the aurora of the northern hemisphere, means the red dawn of the north. The name comes from the famous Italian scientist Galileo Galilei who, among other things, studied the lights around the year 1600. In Rome, were Galileo was living, the red color dominates, but the most common color is actually greenish-yellow, which I will cover later in the presentation. The Vikings in the year 700-1000 called it simply â€Å"northern lights,† and in early England they called it â€Å"The Merry Dancers† referring to the way the aurora moves. Originating in the atmosphere high above the surface of the earth, the northern lights can be seen during dark hours in the polar regions of the northern hemisphere. There are similar lights that appear in the southern hemisphere. The southern lights and northern lights are identical phenomenons. When you have a northern lights display, you will also have an equally large southern lights display. The only reason we don’t hear about southern lights much is that there aren’t much settlements in Antarctica. Southern lights occur around the geomagnetic South Pole. The scientific name for southern lights is Aurora Australis. The amazing occurrence of the aurora actually starts high above the earth’s atmosphere. The sun emits a continuous stream of ionized gas during its solar flares. This gas consists of electrons, protons and helium nuclei. The stream of gasses leaving the sun is known as the solar wind. As the solar wind approaches Earth, the particles are influenced by the Earth’s magnetic field and are guided toward oval zones around the magnetic poles. The solar wind particles then collide with air molecules in the upper atmosphere. The collisions impart energy to air molecules, primarily oxygen and nitrogen, and cause them to emit light, called the aurora. The display of lights occurs only above altitudes of 80 kilometers and occasionally above 500 kilometers. The average altitude is between 110 and  200 kilometers. Due to the nature of our magnetic field, the aurora can only been seen in certain parts of the sky. The northern lights exist in an oval shaped area called the aurora oval, and this oval rotates with its center in the geomagnetic north pole. The size of this oval varies on an hourly basis with the amount of incoming solar particles. The best observation sites of the aurora borealis are underneath the oval where there is the most geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic energy is measured in Kp index, which is a scale from 0 to 9. A high Kp indicates a higher chance of auroral activity. One usually needs a Kp of around 3 to be capable to witness an aurora. The oval usually occurs over northern parts of the Nordic countries, including all of Greenland and Svalbard, northern parts of Alaska, Canada and Russia. Here one may observe northern lights 90% of the time, which is almost every clear dark night. Though auroras occur all day, the day-side aurora has much weaker light than the night-side auroras. Strong daylight also outshines the day-side aurora, so you will have to observe the aurora during night- usually in the hours around midnight. Further down south observation time decreases rapidly as one reaches the outskirts of the aurora oval. Though the oval usually stays high in the Northern Hemisphere it does have capabilities to reach parts of the southern United States. On November 6th, 2001, it reached down to Texas, and once every 200th year it goes all the way down to the equator. After years of recording the aurora, one has discovered that February, March and October enjoys a little bit more â€Å"aurora time† than other months, although this doesn’t mean spectacular displays won’t occur during other months. Auroras are more frequent late autumn and early spring. Brilliant auroras often occur at 27-day intervals as active areas on the Sun’s surface face Earth during its 27-day rotation cycle. Also, the sun has an eleven year sun spot cycle. Every eleventh year the number of spots peak and the number of solar particles thrown out into space increases dramatically. Aurora activity remains high one to two years after this event, which is called Solar Maximum. We had solar maximum around new year, 2001, and the next is expected to occur around 2011 or 2012. These lights come in a variation of colors. The Sun radiates all visible  colors, which is why sunlight appears white. The spectrum of visible light associated with the aurora is much narrower. The aurora is caused by particles of the solar wind colliding with atmospheric atoms and ions. The atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which when hit, emits characteristic colors. The colors that these gasses emit are green, red, bluish, and yellow. There are also seven differentiations in the shape that the auroras will take: Homogeneous arc, arc with ray structure, homogeneous band, band with ray structure, curtains, rays, and corona. These different shapes and colors form one of the earths greatest phenomenon’s that to this day continue to boggle the mind of scientists and everyday society. In the early 20th century, auroral research focused on light emission, altitude, distribution and color. Today, scientists strive to understand the processes that produce the various forms of the northern lights and attempt to explain their changes in time and space. Scientists are especially interested in the effects of solar activity on the Earth’s near-space. General interest in possible global climatic change has increased in recent decades. Because atmospheric conditions in the altitudes of the aurora appear to have a long-term effect on weather, auroral research has received heightened attention.

Steps for evaluating an argument essayEssay Writing Service

Steps for evaluating an argument essayEssay Writing Service Steps for evaluating an argument essay Steps for evaluating an argument essayRecently, I have purchased a mobile phone and, while making the purchase, I applied the deductive reasoning that helped me to make the right choice. In this regard, the deductive reasoning allowed me to reject all those offers in the market that did not match my requirements and interests. Eventually, I have selected the mobile phone that I really liked and, at the moment, I am fully satisfied with the purchase and I made this choice on the ground of the inductive analysis.First of all, the inductive process has started with the moment, when I came up with the decision to buy a new mobile phone. When I realized that I did not like my old phone, I decided to buy a new one, which I would like. I had several criteria for the purchase of a new mobile phone. One of the main criteria was the price of the new mobile phone. I was ready to purchase a new mobile phone for $200-500 and no more. Another important criterion for me was the touch screen of at l east 3 inches. In addition, I wanted a reliable mobile phone with a warranty that would last at least for 3-5 years and without any extra payment for it (Zarefsky, 2002). Then I considered selecting a brand of mobile phone but later I rejected the idea of narrowing the scope of my search of a new mobile phone by limiting my search to the specific brand. I believe that brand is still not the determinant factor in my choice of my mobile phone. This is why I admitted that I would consider phones of all brands but within the price I could pay for the mobile phone, with a 3 inches touch screen and 3-5 years warranty. After that I added another requirement for my mobile phone focusing on specific functions, which the mobile phone. On determining key functions which I expected my phone to offer me, I decided to start selecting the mobile phone that matched my criteria. Eventually I found the mobile phone which I wanted.In such a way, I conducted the inductive argument since I relied heavil y on my personal experience of using the mobile phone and determined my needs, i.e. what I actually want from my mobile phone judging from my needs and experience of using the old one. As I determined which features of the new mobile phone I need, I had eventually managed to come up with decision and buy the mobile phone I wanted that is the sample of inductive reasoning from elements, parts based on personal experience to the general concept.Thus, my approach was based on the inductive process because I steadily moved from the analysis of criteria the new mobile phone should math to the decision to purchase a mobile phone. I used the inductive process on purpose because it helped me to identify clearly distinct features and requirements which my target product, the mobile phone should match. As a result, I have made a conscious and reasonable choice and I really like my new mobile phone because it is just what I really want.

How to Decide If You Should Quit Your Job A Step-by-Step Guide

How to Decide If You Should Quit Your Job A Step-by-Step Guide You’ve had it, you’ve really had it this time. The de-stressing techniques you learned in your yoga class are no longer working, and the thought of getting up in the morning and going in to work gives you anxiety hives, the likes of which you haven’t seen since tenth grade geometry exams. But is this it? Is it time to cut bait on this job and start scrambling for something else? And if so, how does one do that without regretting an impulsive choice? There are a lot of different factors to consider. Like:If I do decide to quit, should I do it before I have a job offer?If I don’t have a job offer waiting in the wings, can I justify leaving my job in an uncertain economy?Is this really quit-worthy, or am I just reacting to a temporary situation?Am I prepared for a long job hunt?What can I do in the meantime?That’s a lot of stuff to have swirling around in your head while you try to make a major life decision. Let’s break it down a little more.Sh ould I Quit?Quitting your job is not a decision to make lightly. A new job right away isn’t a given, but there’s also your longer career to think about: if you sacrifice your position now, will that set you back in the long term? Or will it increase the likelihood that you’ll find the next great opportunity by giving yourself this push? The first step in making this decision is always, always to do a self-assessment. Thinking, â€Å"I should quit,† and then handing in your resignation that day, is more likely to lead to panic and regret sooner than later. So if you’re angry, wait until that red rage subsides a little bit, and ask yourself, â€Å"why am I so unhappy here?†According to some experts, the best place to start is a simple pro/con list:What do I like about this job?What do I dislike about this job?What’s missing from this job?What would I want from this job that I’m not getting?After you’ve got your basic rundo wn of what’s bugging you about your job, the next step is to figure out if any of the â€Å"cons† are fixable. Would reprioritizing your duties help? Would your boss be receptive to changing things to be more amenable to your needs, or talking about a raise? If you don’t see those cons as budging anytime soon, then it’s likely time to move on. Also, if the â€Å"con† list is much longer than the â€Å"pro† side, that’s a clue that the problems may not be fixable enough.RELATED:  10 Signs It’s Time to Quit Your JobAnother factor to consider is whether it’s really the job making you unhappy. If the â€Å"pro† list is substantial and the â€Å"cons† don’t seem so bad once you’ve written them out, it might be that you’re unhappy in other aspects of your life, and it’s bleeding into your work life. If it’s just the job that’s causing stress and tension, then you may wa nt to move forward with quitting. If you think it’s your relationships or financial issues or anything else in your life that’s exacerbating standard work stress, then try addressing those factors first. You may find that you’re not as unhappy at work once other issues are resolved (or at least worked on).Once you have your self-assessment complete, and have a stronger sense of what’s causing your work malaise, it’s time to do the next level of research: talking about it to someone at work.I Want to Try to Make It Work. How Do I Make Things Better?Schedule some time with your boss where you can sit down alone and talk about your unhappiness. If your compensation is the problem, be prepared to ask for a raise. If it’s your workload, ask about how you can reprioritize your duties. If it’s a conflict with other employees, you can get feedback about how to deal with it, officially or unofficially. Either way, be prepared for a frank discu ssion with your supervisor. And it’s important to keep the tone as neutral as you can- you don’t want your concerns to be dismissed as a rant, or have anyone question your professionalism. If you’re concerned that you will chicken out or will get very angry, practice your talking points ahead of time, either by yourself or with a trusted non-work person.If your boss is the problem, the politics get a little more difficult. You can speak with HR or your boss’s boss if you’re concerned about direct confrontation, but understand that the information could get back to your boss, and make things extra uncomfortable. If things are that bumpy and contentious with your own boss, it may be time to leave.You can also try some remedies on your own, without involving your manager or HR. Sometimes trying harder to approach your job with a positive and more receptive attitude can help ease things a bit, at least in the short term. Personally, I know that when Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m already grumpy, things just kind of spiral down from there- but when I make a conscious effort to say, â€Å"Okay, maybe I’m overreacting and need to try this from a different direction,† things seem less dire. Bottom line: you know yourself and your professional goals better than anyone, so only you can decide whether these short-term fixes will hold, or whether things will backslide in a matter of weeks.I Think I Need to Quit.Issues that are unlikely to resolve themselves include:You lack passion for your job, with no exciting prospects on the immediate horizon.You have skills and experience that are going to waste.Your compensation is way under what other people in similar positions make, and your company won’t be able to close that gap any time soon.The company itself is failing, and everyone’s starting to get a TitanicYou’re being verbally abused or sexually harassed at work.You have no work-life balance, or it’s getting steadi ly worse.Your boredom or malaise has led to decreased performance.Your work stress is making you physically ill.You’re no longer learning anything new at your job.If any of these are your issue, and there’s no immediate solution that you can see, it’s time to move forward with an exit plan.Okay, I Do Want to Quit. Now What?Don’t draft your resignation just yet. Give your decision some time to marinate. That can help you work out any last â€Å"is it me or the job?† kinks, and decide definitively that you’re ready to let go. At this stage, you also have to think about what quitting means.Do you have another job offer lined up?And if so, does it address the issues you have with your current job?If you don’t have another offer yet, are you prepared to be adrift in the job market for a while?It’s best to have an offer in hand before you quit, but that’s not always going to be possible. If you’re quitting because of on e of the dealbreakers mentioned above (especially being stuck with verbal or sexual harassment), you may decide that you just can’t continue on in your current job for the average six months it could take to find a new job. If you go this route, try to shore up your financial resources as much as you can before you hand in your resignation. Most experts recommend having at least six months in savings if you’re planning to quit your job without a Plan B.RELATED:  How to Quit Your Job Professionally If you don’t have an offer yet, you can still do some short-term maneuvers to help set yourself up for your next opportunity.Start reaching out to your network. Let them know you’re looking (discreetly, if you haven’t yet handed in your resignation).Clean up your social media accounts, and get them ready for professional strangers to be peeking in.Revamp your resume.Start hitting job boards hard, and using industry-specific resources online.While coming up with your post-quitting career plan, you should also be thinking about your last few weeks at work. You’ll need to give notice- at least two weeks, but your company may require more, so be sure to double-check company policy. You will also need to decide whether you’ll be available for transition training and any final requests your boss might have as you get ready to go. It’s important to be courteous and professional at every step here, no matter how fed up you may feel. Even if you already have a new job offer in hand, you don’t want to burn bridges on your way out. It’s much better to leave with your professional rep intact. It can really help minimize regrets later on.Whether you’re feeling temporary job blues or you really need to get out and move on, the important piece is that you put the time and effort into diagnosing the problems and coming up with long- and short-term plans to make sure that you’re not hurting yourself by acting too rashly, or by giving in to inertia and staying in a bad situation too long. Sometimes quitting is the hardest and most rewarding decision you can make for your career, but you want to make sure it’s the exact right call for you at the time.

Is biomedical model out of date Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is biomedical model out of date - Essay Example It is based on 'the notion of the body as a machine, of disease as the consequence of breakdown of the machine, and of the doctor's task as repair of the machine.' (George Engel 1977). This approach has a serious shortcoming because by focusing on smaller parts of the body we lose the sight of patient as a human being. Also by considering health as proper functioning of organs, we are unable to deal with the phenomenon of healing as it is not only based on physical factors but on psychological factors of the human body. The concept of health and the concept of life are closely related. Around the globe, people follow different cultures and lifestyles. They are adapted to the different environment and slight change in the environment may lead to change in their health. Patterns of mortality and morbidity have changed shifting from a predominance of acute infectious diseases to a predominance of chronic and lifestyle-induced illness (US. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1979 ). So here the ecological dimension is also considered while considering the concept of health. This contradicts the biomedical model.In the biomedical model, health is defined as the absence of disease. The World Health Organization defines health as ‘a dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’. This clearly shows that the biomedical model fails to address the social and psychological issues and thus can be considered to be outdated.

Sociology and Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology and Class - Essay Example However the Marxist theory of racism bases racism on another interesting premise. The class conflict where as the Proletariat (the working classes mainly composed of the Black and ethnic minorities) will be suppressed by the Bourgeoisie (the ruling classes primarily composed of the White majority who will be economically stronger and thus in a position to marginalize the "proletariat" i.e. the Black minorities) Today the modern African American can be identified with the likes of Opera Winfrey and Barrack Obama, as well as highly educated Hollywood stars like Will Smith etc.This denotes a respectable status for them but academics like in the Article at hand are quick to point to the reality of the ghettos and poor uneducated members of the ethnicity who live on low pay differentials. From the Marxist sociological perspective these economic and wage differentials are responsible for the continuous racial tensions in states like Los Angeles which have a large number of minorities settled there.Most of this crime and disorder is based upon race and ethnicity. The current racial tension is not just the usual white-black conflict but now statistics show that the local African American Population feels economically threatened by the immigrants that come from Latin America. As the article notes the root of most of the violence and unemployment in the Ghettos is poverty and increased immigration. Things are further complicated by racist judicial and law enforcement mechanisms which promote the gang culture and lure poverty stricken and suppressed young people into crime and disorder. The economic and sociological conflicts with in the "proletariat" (working classes) lead to ethnic squabbles between and with in the suppressed minorities in the over crowded metropolitan cities and it is worth noting from a political perspective that the black Latino rivalry for economic opportunities means that in 2008 presidential race there is not Latino support for Mr. Obama. Unemployment has caused a deterioration in race relations based on unequal wealth distribution and the fight for survival within the marginalized groups.As long as these minorities remain economically and socially suppressed there is little chance of reducing these tensions. There is a need for sustainable community measures to counter the problems in this area of racial economic conflict aimed at better race relations. All this however keeps us wondering whether these sociological conditions exist for their own sake or is the conflict theory " a Marxist ideological ploy" which divides the lower classes so that the White and Black and working classes from other races fight each other instead of the bourgeoisie.However one never fails to reflect on the political system and the society which seems to adhere to the well known rhetoric of George Orwell in his well known parody of the Communist Manifesto and the Marxist ideals of race and class i.e. the "Animal Farm" where he stated that , "All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others". Source: Materials provided in

Main Reasons why Humans Remain Earthbound Essay

Main Reasons why Humans Remain Earthbound - Essay Example As such, as science has grown and developed throughout the years, one of the primal questions that have been born from this original question of the solitary nature of life within the universe is a better understanding and more complete explanation of the universe in which we dwell. For this reason as well as for many others, scientists have long sought to find ways in which to explore the bounds of the neighborhood in which the Earth and the Milky Way galaxy ultimately reside. The extant problem that is illustrated though is the fact that there are a number of constraints that provide an ultimate barrier to humans traveling to other solar systems throughout our galaxy. As such, this brief analysis will consider the key issues that constrain mankind to inter solar system travel (and a limited amount of that). Furthermore, by analyzing each of several different viewpoints for how exploration within and without of our own galaxy might seek to take place, as well as analyzing the key we aknesses inherent in each, it is the hope of this author that the reader might be able to come to a better understanding of just what is preventing us from further exploring and/or colonizing other regions of the universe. The first of these is the fact that the distances that must be traveled are so vast as to be nearly incomprehensible. As a function of this understanding, the reader should come to an appreciation of the fact that distance within the universe is calculated not in miles or kilometers but rather in light years; i.e. the distance covered by a beam of light during the period of a year’s time. To understand just how vast such a distance is, one must understand that the actual speed of light is something approaching 300,000,000 meters per second. As such, the reader can begin to comprehend the actual distance that a single light year actually represents. Furthermore, due to the fact that the nearest star to our own Sun is that of Alpha Centuri, one might assume t hat it would be most reasonable to visit this one as a means of further exploring our universe and understanding the many nuances that exist within it. However, the fact of the matter is that although Alpha Centuri is the closest star, besides our own Sun, it is nonetheless 4.2 light years away (Corley, 2012). This distance provides a seemingly insurmountable obstacle to the current technology that exists. For instance, scientists and researchers in the Russian Federation have been performing extensive rounds of testing on how a manned mission to Mars would affect the health of the crew members. This has been done by isolating a crew of several individuals and putting them in a replicative environment that would simulate the same stresses, both physical and psychological, that such a mission would necessarily engender. Although the trip to and from Mars would take a little under a year’s time, the strain and pressures of sustaining life aboard an unnatural environment for suc h an extended period of time present a whole array of challenges which are but a brief understanding of the means that such pressures would be realized should a longer voyage be undertaken (Landau & Strange, 2011). Although an understanding of the means by which our universe has come into existence, continues to expand, and will ultimately experience a heat death, the science and technology governing astrophysics and space exploration has advanced greatly since the first manned trip into space. However, surprisingly, one aspect of technology that has not developed at all is with

Organizational structures and cultures

Organizational structures and cultures Organizations are social arrangements for the controlled performance of collective goals. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 1991) The writer Chester Barnard (1938) used the example of a man trying to lift a stone which is too heavy for him. By getting together with another person, and combining their efforts, the man is able to move the stone. Organizational Structure:- Every organization to be effective must have an organizational structure. Organizational structure is the form of structure that determines the hierarchy and the reporting structure in the organization. Organizational structure shows information, flows from level to level within the company. It is also called organizational chart. Designing of Organizational Structure:- Work Specialization:- Work specialization is the key element of organizational structure and it refers to the degree to which tasks in the organization are subdivided in to separate jobs. In the work specialization the entire job is subdivided into different steps and each step have to complete separately by individual. For example: making of an automobile. Advantages of work specialization are that, employees skills can increases by doing one job again and again. It saves time and there is accuracy in production. It allows managers to supervise more employees. While the disadvantages are that, employees might get bored by doing same job again and again. Sometime if the person is on leave then no one can do his job, due to which absenteeism rises. Quality of work may suffer. Departmentalization:- Through departmentalization common tasks can be coordinated. In Departmentalization, work or individuals are grouped into manageable units. The primary forms of departmentalization are:- Functional Departmentalization Customer Departmentalization Geographical Departmentalization Product Departmentalization Process Departmentalization Chain of Command:- Chain of command is the formal line of authority, communication, and responsibility within an organization. According to classical organization theory the organizational chart allows one to visualize the lines of authority and communication within an organizational structure and ensures clear assignment of duties and responsibilities. In many organizations, the chain of command principle is still very much alive. Military is an example of straight chain of command which starts from a top to low level ranks. Span of Control:- In a business of more than one person, unless the business has equal partners, then there are managers and subordinates. Subordinates are workers controlled by the manager. Span of control can be:- Tall and Narrow:- The manager controls six or few employees. There is close supervision of the employees, tight control and fast communication. However, the supervision can be too close; the narrow span means that there are many levels of management, resulting in a possibly excessive distance between the top and the bottom of an organization. Flat and Wide:- A wide span of control forces managers to develop clear objectives and policies, select and train employees carefully. Since employees get less supervision, they are more responsible and have higher morale with a wide span of control. Flat and wide span of control is successful if employees have the awareness about their responsibilities and job tasks because managers are not able to have a look on each employee every day. Centralization and Decentralization:- Centralization and decentralization refer to the extent to which decision making power is devolved in an organization, or the degree of delegation of duties, power and authority to lower levels of an organization. Organizations which have a high degree of delegation of power are thought to be decentralized. Organizations which have a lower degree of delegation of power tend to be centralized. A decentralized structure often means power over both operational issues and strategic direction is devolved to lower levels in the hierarchy. Matrix Structure:- An organization which has a Matrix structure contains teams of people created from various sections of the business. These teams will be created for the purposes of a specific project and will be led by a project manager. Often the team will only exist for the duration of the project and matrix structures are usually deployed to develop new products and services. The advantages of a matrix include that, individuals can be chosen according to the needs of the project. Project team which is dynamic and specialist are brought together in a new environment to view problems in different ways. Project managers are directly responsible for completing their project in a specific time and budget. Whilst the disadvantages include: A conflict of loyalty between line managers and project managers over the allocation of resources If teams have a lot of independence can be difficult to monitor. Costs can be increased if more managers (i.e. project managers) are created through the use of project teams. Organizational Culture:- Culture basically refers to the norms, values and behavior adopted by the organizational members during the working. When the members of an organization join the organization they adopt particular culture of an organization. Every organization has different culture depending upon their situation of working and the nature of their business. From the culture of organization one can assume the operating environment and working behavior of employees. Types of Culture:- Power Culture Within a power culture, control is the key element. Power cultures are usually found within a small or medium size organization. Centralized Decisions making are found in the power culture organization. That person likes control and the power behind it. As group work is not evident in a power culture, the organization can react quickly to dangers around it as no consultation is involved. However this culture has its problems, lack of consultation can lead to staff feeling undervalued and de-motivated, which can also lead to high staff turnover. Role Culture Common in most organizations today is a role culture. In a role culture, organizations are split into various functions and each individual within the function is assigned a particular role. The role culture has the benefit of specialization. Employees focus on their particular role as assigned to them by their job description and this should increase productivity for the company. This culture is quite logical to organize in a large organization. Task Culture A task culture refers to a team based approach to complete a particular task. They are popular in todays modern business society where the organization will establish particular project teams to complete a task to date. A task culture clearly offers some benefits. Staff feels motivated because they are empowered to make decisions within their team, they will also feel valued because they may have been selected within that team and given the responsibility to bring the task. Person culture Person cultures are commonly found in charities or nonprofit organizations. The focus of the organization is the individual or a particular aim P2:- Analyze the relationship between an organizations structure and culture and the effects on business performance. Task for P2:- Here you will discuss how organization culture and structure affect the organizational performance positively or negatively. This should be attempted as a continuation of P1. Organizational Culture and Structure creates a number of various concepts, strategies, and situations which affect every level of planning when it comes to any type of hierarchical institution. The implications of organizational structure and culture apply to companies, corporations, charitable organizations, governments and even sports/organizations. Organization Culture and structure affects the organizational performance both in positive and as well as negative direction. In positive sense the organization culture and structure creates the distinctions between one organization from the other and also it defines the boundary role to the same organization. It provides a sense of identity for the organizational members on the basis of which the employees work betterly for the achievement of organization goals. This organization culture and structure can generate commitment of employees towards the organization. As the culture represents the norms and values of the society so it can enhances the stability of the social system inside organization. The organization which has a strong culture will have good working environment in which the employees shared different norms and values. The culture and structure also provides appropriate standards of working environment. The organization culture and structure shapes the attitude and beha vior of employees and it also serves a sense of making and control mechanism. Every organization has policies according to which the employees work by following certain rules and regulations. These rules and regulations of the organization can be bitterly formed by accessing to organization structure and culture. This organization structure also shows the responsibility for each employee which reflects that who will be reported to whom. Through strong organizational structure, the organization will have to make right decisions at the right time. The organization structure and culture has also negative impact on business performance. The same culture becomes liability when the employees do not agree to share their values with others which raise conflicts. When the organization environment is dynamic then this can affect the business effectiveness. If the organizational structure is complex one then the decision making process in that organization will be very slow and also there will be centralized decision making in which the lower level employees will not be entertained. P3:- Analyze the factors which influence individual behavior at work. Task for P3:- In this area discuss the factors that influence behavior at work, your answer should focus on personality, traits and types, its relevance in understanding self and others There are many factors that influence behavior at work for instance difference in opinions of individuals but the most important are personality and perceptions. Personality is defined as the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual and the relation between them and the individual response to the situation and adjusts to other people. This include big five factors of personality dimensions known as OCEAN that influences behavior at work which is given in the table below. Personality dimensions and the poles of traits they form. Based on Costa McCrae (1992: 14-16, 49). Personality dimension High level Low level Neuroticism sensitive, nervous secure, confident Extraversion outgoing, energetic shy, withdrawn Openness to experience inventive, curious cautious, conservative Agreeableness friendly, compassionate competitive, outspoken Conscientiousness efficient, organized easy-going, careless Neuroticism is a measure of affect and emotional control. In the given table high level neuroticism shows sensitivity and nervousness those experinces negative emotions. They more frequently become unstable, worried, temperamental and sad. Resistant persons on the other hand need strong stimuli to be provoked where as low level shows confidence, emotional stability and active at their workplace. Extraversion dimension presence in high level in an individual shows outgoing and energetic. They are physically verbally active. The opposite of extraversion known as introverts or low level presence tend to be more independent, reserved, steady and like being alone. Extraverts are adventurous, assertive, frank, sociable and talkative. Introverts may be described as quiet, reserved, shy and unsociable. Openness to experience is a measure of depth, breadth and variability in a persons imagination and urge for experiences. Individuals with a high openness to experience have broad interests, are liberal and like novelty. The preservers with low openness to experience are conventional, conservative and prefer familiarity. Agreeableness individual can be described as altruistic, gentle, kind, sympathetic and warm. Person with high level are friendly, compassionate and able to work in team. Whereas low level are more competent and outspoken. Conscientiousness is scale of goal oriented and control over impulses. Individual with high level are more organized and efficient. They focus on limited goal and strive to achieve these goals. The focused person concentrates on a limited number of goals but strives hard to reach them, while the flexible person is more impulsive and easier to persuade from one task to another. The more conscientious a person is, the more competent, dutiful, orderly, responsible and thorough. Personality can be regard as the most complex aspects of human being that influences behavior in big way. Personality traits offer an opportunity to the organization to understand the individuals behaviors and directing their effort and motivating them for the accomplishment of the organizational goal P4:- Analyze how organizational theory underpins principles and practices of organizing and of management. Task for P4:- Discuss the major organizational theories and discuss their salient features (focus on functions of management, managerial roles, and managerial authority) Please see the course contents for detail. Management The attainment of an organizational goal in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources. Planning It is the on going process of developing the business mission and objectives and determining how they will be accomplished. Planning includes both the broadest view of the organization, e.g. its mission, and the narrowest, a tactic for accomplishing a specific goal. Organizing Establishing the internal organizational structure of the organization. The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization. It is in this function that managers distribute authority to job holders. Commanding Fayols called this maintain activity among the personnel, it involves instructing and motivating subordinates to carry out tasks. Coordinating This is the task of monitoring the activities of individuals and groups within the organization, reconciling differences in approach, timing and resource requirement in the interest of overall organizational objectives. Controlling It is a four step process of establishing performance standards based on the firms objective, measuring and reporting actual performance, comparing the two and taking corrective or preventive action is necessary. Managerial Roles A role as defined as an organized set of behaviors belonging to an identifiable office or position. Thus actors, managers and others play roles that are predetermined, although individuals may interpret them in different ways. Interpersonal Roles Figurehead The manager is a symbol, obliged to perform a number of duties. He represents the organization in various ceremonies etc. Leader Managers select and trained the team members. He/she used to motivate the team to achieve pre defined goal. Liaison Manager duty is to communicate with people outside the work unit trying to coordinates two project groups. Informational Roles Monitor The monitor involves seeking current information from many sources. The manager acquires information from others and shares it with concerns people to stay well informed. Disseminator The managers send external information into his organization and internal information from one subordinate to another. Spokesman The managers transmit information out to his organizations environment to speak on behalf of the organization. Decisional Roles Entrepreneur The manager acts as initiator and designer of much of the controlled change of the organization. By using the monitoring role, he seeks opportunities, sees problems, and initiates actions to improve situations. Disturbance Handler The manger role involves resolving conflicts among subordinates or between the managers departments and other departments. Resource Allocator This role of manager involves deciding about how to allocate people, time, equipment, budget and other resources to attain desired outcomes. Negotiator Managers participate in negotiation activities. Managers represent department during negotiation of union contracts, sales, purchases, budgets, represent departmental interest. Managerial Authority The formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issues, orders and allocate resources to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Managerial authority is the position that empowers a manger to exercise command and control over those placed under him for realization of the assigned role in an organization. Originally, the overall authority is centrally vested in person of the manager. However, it is not possible for a single man to effectively execute and monitor each and every task. Therefore various functions with a suitable quantum of authority are devolved downwards to concerned subordinates for better and convenient output. The practice also provides a rationale for organizational Tree specifying various powers and responsibilities in both vertical and lateral hierarchy. P5:- Compare the different approaches to management and theories of organization used by two organizations. Task for P5:- This will be the comparative analysis of the two organization, you will do the comparison with another organization (assigned to another group). This will be covered through the presentation. You must give soft and hard copy of your presentation to the teacher. Functional Theory Followed by SNGPL:- Organizations must make choices to organizational approach how to perform their work. There are five common methods used by management to perform work i.e functional, divisional, matrix, team, and networking. Each organization have follows different ways according to their needs and requirements. For instance Sui Northern Gas Pipe Line uses functional approach which is the simplest form of organizational structure. Below is an example of management of sui northern In functional structure approach the features are well defined the channels of communication and responsibility. By following such structure by SNGPL it improves productivity, minimizes duplication of employees and also simplifies training of employees. There are some drawbacks of functional structure approach as it is narrowed perspectives which causes reduce cooperation. Decisions are slow to take place because of many hierarchy layers in which authority is more centralized. This kind of structure only gives employees experience in only single field they dont have the opportunity to oversee all the firms operations. Divisional Theory Followed by Disney:- On the other hand management of Disney follows divisional structure compare to sui northern to keep track of their operation. Below in an example of Disney management structure. In large firms like Disney its difficult to keep track of all the activities for that purpose specialized departments are developed which is divided according to the organizational output this grouping of organizational structure are called divisional structure. It makes performance easier to monitor which allows managers to better focus on recourses and results. This kind of structure may cause duplication and create competition among the division due to limited resources. M1:- Discuss the organizational structure and the prevailing culture in the Organization under study. Also discuss how the structure and culture affect the performance of the business. Task for M1:- This task should be taken as continuation of your answers to P1 and P2; Here you will discuss what is the prevailing structure and culture in the organization. This will be seen with the view that you can see the application of the concepts in real life. Organization Structure and Culture in HBL and UBL Culture and Structure of HBL:- Organizations have their own structure and culture. If there is any informality in the organization culture and employees believe that they are a part of organization then behavior effect positively. Culture and structure is very important for an organization in a culture there are many people belong to different groups and the structure of organization is made from the people if there is unity of command, Span of control and intrinsic motivation so it effect the motivation level of the employees. In organization if they have a good culture and they have the good social norms, values and ethical behavior so culture automatically control behavior .Culture is develop by good social norms, good contents, good peer group and culture cannot be reinforced, it is link with the inner behavior and change is also continuous process. In organization good and positive behavior controls the culture aspects. Culture also pushes the member to behave in a way that is counter to the formal mission an d goals of organization but it can be changed through inter personal skills and good behavior. In organization good, positive and progressive culture and structure is shared among the people. Organizational structure is the way in which the interrelated groups within and organizations are set up to allow them function smoothly from a large stand point. The two main purpose of successful organizational structure is to ensure effective communication between various parts of the company, as well as to increase coordination between different departments. Culture Structure of UBL Culture and structure is important in organization but each organization has their own structure and culture. According to this organization, there is not a specific culture in organization but through employees and their related environment culture is develop. They develop their own culture according to their own requirement. Culture controls the behavior of employees according to their nature which accepts the efforts to that culture. They develop that culture which they need. Culture depends upon the nature of employees it develop the behavior of employees according to that culture. Culture does not remain the same but the unwanted culture will changed according to mew environment. In organization culture is made when employees share their own culture. In this organization the bureaucratic structure is used .Employees r not involved during taking of the decision they are totally depended upon the orders of their boss. Through structure it is easy for the organization for placement of employees, staffing and they also know how many employees are required for the jobs in organization. In the absence of structure some difficulties occurs for the organization that how many employees they need for the job and how they control the organization. Factors Influencing in Both Organization Culture and structure is important in each organization because through good culture there is friendly environment between the manager and employees. And through good structure the organization runs fast towards its objectives and can achieve the goals easily. In both organization culture developed by sharing their own culture which is very effective for both organization because by communication with each other and sharing their views least conflict occurs between the employees and manager. Through this friendly environment occurs which helps organization to run as high as they want. In organization the bureaucratic structure should be avoided and during decision making employees should involved because under this structure employees cannot work by their heart. They take their work as a burden. Under this structure organization cannot run towards there goals as fast as they need for their success because employees are not motivated by this structure they do not share their views, th eir ideas among them selves. This structure has negative effect on organization. It can be good thing in small doses especially in tackling issues that will become recurring themes in large businesses. Through good culture and structure employees are motivated and they share their new idea. They help each other and also solve the problems of organization. A fully healthy organizational culture and structure is exactly what should be expected when all is functioning normally M2:- Discuss what approach of management adopted by the organization, with Focus on management functions, roles and authority. Task for M2:- Here you will apply the concept of organizations theory and what is being discussed in P5 and apply your knowledge to the organization under study. Management Functions:- Planning:- Objectives of HBL Following are some main objective of HBL To earn profit for the Bank itself and maximize its shareholders value. To provide solutions for multiple requirements of clients of diverse financial nature To manage with the changing trends of the modern day financial market To be a diversified bank by offering all basic consumer services and specialized services Honest and ethical conduct, including ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationship. To provide employment opportunities to people To help in development and industrialization of the country Mission Statement:- To make our customers prosper, our staff excel and to create value for shareholders. Leading functions in HBL:- Motivation:- Managers of HBL motivate the employees by providing free medical treatment, free education and incentives to them. Resolving Conflicts:- Managers of HBL always try to resolve conflicts among employees. Giving importance to their opinions. Giving new ideas for solving problems. Sometimes giving group tasks to employees. Managerial Authority In HBL CEO Give orders and issues polices to the managers. Then further the managers forward these instructions and policies to their subordinates and so on. All of them accept and obeyed those instructions/polices/orders. Managerial Role:- Spokesman: Spokesman of HBL attending the seminars outside the bank and negotiating with the people in banking issues. D1:- Discuss what problems the organization can face in the performance areas and what is your suggestion/solution to the problem. Task for D1:- You must identify some problems observed regarding organizational structure and culture (there is no organization which is flawlessly perfect). You will give your recommendations and justify your recommendations in light of the management knowledge you have gained in the class. Problems:- The basic objective of organizational structure is to establish a network of relationship among the different level of employees. When the structure becomes so tall and complex one then the problem arises that how those employees will keep a permanent network of relationship. This problem will also have certain impacts upon the decision making process of an organization. The organization structure also keeps coordination between different departments/units. Sometimes the responsibility of one unit mixes with another unit which affects the units in achieving their goals as in case of selling and marketing department. Through organizational Culture the employees shares the values, belief, norms and symbols during working. The problem arises when there is diversity of work force. Problem arises when culture is dynamic. Rituals, stories, symbols, ceremonies and also the rules of organization form the culture of organization. These all are subjective in nature and having different perceptions during different timing so sometimes the problem arises that it misguides an individuals. Recommendations:- The organization should focus on participative and pre active work of management through which the organization can easily analyze the problems. The participative approach will also be effective in keeping relationship among the employees and as well among the different unit of organization. When there will strong relationship then the decision making process will also be quick. The organization should focus on training and development in order to guide the employees regarding the culture of organization. Through training and development the employees will come to know about the norms, values, beliefs and symbols which should be adopted during the working. In order to minimize the problem related to workforce diversity the organization should guide their employees by having a dynamic culture. D2:- Discuss your recommendations which should use the synthesis of different approaches, this should also include the convergent and lateral thinking. Task for D2:- In this task you will come up with recommendations for the organization theory for the organization. We will encourage amalgamation of two or more approaches considering the environment in which the organization exists. In addition we will also appreciate your approach towards the solution you are recommending as it should a) solve the organizational problem, b) should also consider the internal and external environment requirement. Approaches followed by the Managers:- There are different approaches which are followed by the managers in order to solve the problem arises inside an organization. There are many factors which will determine the structure and culture of an organization. If the organization size is so large then it will be difficult for the organization to keep the structure tall. The management encourages the flat structure and decentralized decision making for those large organizations for the smooth operation of an organization. On the other side if the size is small then it will be better to use the tall structure and centralized decision making. Assessment Brief Unit and Assessment Details Course Title: HND Business Unit Name: Organization and Behavior Assessor: Ms. Neelam Marwat Internal Verifier: Mr. Sajid Fahim Assessment Titl