The Development Of A Maintenance Contract Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2583 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Maintenance is a critical part of any airline operation. As an Air Operator Certificate (AOC) holder, an airline must be a Part M Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation (CAMO) under European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) regulation. Under these regulations, the airline is ultimately responsible for the maintenance and airworthiness of all its aircraft, therefore the decision to outsource such a task must be carefully considered in order to assess all the associated risk. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Development Of A Maintenance Contract Business Essay" essay for you Create order An airline must not only decide what type of maintenance activities, if any, it may want to conduct in-house, but also decide between different maintenance providers for the activities it wishes to outsource. Different organisations will have different values and cultures, and an airline must pick an organisation it can trust with such responsibility. Airlines will look at the performance indicators of such organisation also, including its safety record as well as its on time record, in order to judge which organisation shall carry out its maintenance activities. Importantly the airline will also look at cost, and different maintenance will be competing with each other for such business, and will have to be cost effective, as well as providing a quality service, and often this requires trade-offs between different factors. When starting up a new airline, there is a large emphasis on cost. A lot of capital and resources will be needed to set up a maintenance facility, and a new sta rt up airline will need to focus its attention and resources on acquiring aircraft and developing routes. Airlines that outsource are able to focus on their core businesses and can reduce their fixed costs related to facilities, training and manpower, says ST Aerospace president Chang Cheow Teck [1]. Outsourcing of many activities is common for many airlines, particularly the low cost carriers and new start-up airlines. Generally it would be costly for an airline to set up its own maintenance centre; hence outsourcing it to an outside organisation that specialises in such activities is more economically viable. When considering the task to be outsourced, the airline must evaluate whether it can develop the capabilities of conducting some task itself, or whether all activities will be provided by an external organisation. When analysing the maintenance of an aircraft, the airline must consider both line and base maintenance. Line maintenance includes general checks which may be ca rried out after each flight, daily or weekly. They do not generally pull the aircraft out of service for major amounts of time and can be carried out at the gate. Base maintenance is generally considered for much larger task, and involves the aircraft being out of operation for a larger length of time in a hanger whilst the maintenance is conducted. The decision to outsource base, line or both types of maintenance activities must be carefully considered. In order to carry out any maintenance activity, the airline would need to be a Part 145 registered approved maintenance organisation for the type of aircraft they wish to operate. To carry out maintenance activities, investment will be needed for tools, equipment, labour, hanger and other overheads. Generally base maintenance would require much more investment in larger hangers, more labour, and more tools and equipment in order to carry out larger maintenance task, whereas line maintenance will require relatively less investment . Therefore it is far more common for airlines to outsource base maintenance to specialist repair centres, but keep line maintenance in-house. In a report published by the American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on the decision of airlines to outsources their maintenance, it found that The most frequently outsourced tasks included engine maintenance and component overhaul. Cost savings was the motivating factor in the decision to outsource, a decision which takes into consideration the personnel, training, and tools and test equipment necessary to complete the maintenance task. [2] Figure : Typical Outsourced Activities [2]. Figure 1 shows typical activities outsourced by airlines. It shows that large maintenance tasks are more commonly outsourced by airlines, most likely due to the high cost and expertise in labour required. Where line maintenance was outsourced, it was noted in the report that this was generally conducted at airports where the airline did not have a base. Airlines have tried to keep line maintenance in house where possible; however some external assistance is still required at times. As a new start-up airline, however, will have limited capital when starting up, therefore these resources must be prioritised during the start up. Careful consideration must be made as to the cost benefit analysis and cash flow of the airline during its start up in order to assess whether the investment in a maintenance facility would be worthwhile, or whether outsourcing all activities would be more beneficial to this new carrier. As well as considering the cost of outsourcing maintenance activiti es, careful consideration should also be as to the regulation surrounding the industry. Ultimately, the airline, as the AOC holder is responsible for the maintenance and airworthiness of all its aircraft as a Part M registered organisation. Despite the activity being outsourced, the airline is responsible for its aircraft; therefore serious trust is being placed on the maintenance organisation. Such maintenance must be Part 145 registered, with Part 66 licence personnel to certify any work carried out. The maintenance industry is heavily regulated, as with the aviation industry as a whole. There are many barriers to overcome in order to become a certified company to ensure that the operations of the organisation comply with safety regulations. A maintenance organisation must prove to the appropriate authority that it meets such regulations, and the company procedures are in line with the required expectations. To become a certified Part 145 organisation, the organisation must have suitable hangers to carry out the specified work, with appropriate tools and facilities. It must ensure its working environment is controlled, with a maintained temperature, lighting and dust level to ensure that work is carried out in satisfactory conditions. It must specify approved management, and ensure appropriate levels of certified staff and provide continued trained were required. It must plan production before carrying out work, ensuring that all the required staff, tools, equipment and facilities are in place in order to meet a required order. The regulations specify careful control over the equipment and tools used in the organisation. It must be appropriately stocked at all times for its scheduled work, and used the specified tools and equipment unless permission is granted by the appropriate authority. All equipment should be calibrated as necessary, and records kept accordingly. All components used must be approved components, and recorded accordingly before us ed. The organisation must also keep accurate data of all maintenance activity which will be fed back to the manufacturer in order to improve the overall safety of the world fleet. The organisation is also responsible for insuring the company has a quality system in place. It must provide the appropriate authority with a Maintenance Organisation Exposition (MOE) outlining the companys structures, staffing, facilities, work scope, and quality systems [3]. It has become commonplace for all organisations in the aviation industry to be an ISO 9001 (International Standards Organisation) (or AS9100 as an aeronautical company) certified organisation, and many organisation will not work with non ISO 9001 certified company. This ensures that the company has a firm Quality Management System (QMS). QMS aims to ensure that the procedures of an organisation are efficient and effective, and the structures and framework of the organisation is well defined. An organisation needs to demonstrate it s ability to consistently provide product that meets customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, and aims to enhance customer satisfaction through the effective application of the system, including processes for continual improvement of the system and the assurance of conformity to customer and applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. [4]. Although the airline may have outsourced its maintenance, it will still have responsibilities as a Part M certified company. The airline will be responsible for developing a maintenance program, based on the maintenance review boards report from the aircraft manufacturer. The maintenance program will details all maintenance tasks for the aircraft, and the interval between such tasks. It will also be responsible for producing a reliability report based on the maintenance program in order to assess the reliability of various components. This data can then be fed back into the maintenance review board report to improve the reliability of the entire world fleet. The airline will also be responsible for flight checks, as well as ensuring that the aircraft complies with any airworthiness directives issues by the relevant authorities. All work must be recorded appropriately as well as information regarding flights, technical faults, repairs, and maintenance activities. As the responsibility of the aircraft safety lies with the airline, they will be responsible to certify the aircraft is fit for purpose after any maintenance is carried out. When outsourcing maintenance, safety is generally the most important factor for airline when deciding which organisation to trust. Airlines will also be looking at cost and performance of the organisation. The airline will be looking at performance indicators such as Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and Safety Performance Indicators (SPI). KPI measure how well the organisation is running, and the on-time performance of the organisations. SPI measure the safety of the organisation and are defined as any measurement that is causally related to crashes or injuries, used in addition to a count of crashes or injuries, in order to indicate safety performance or understand the process that leads to accidents. [5]. It measures how many incidences are related to the maintenance organisation, and is used as a way of assessing the safety of an organisation. A key issue in the industry is the trade-off between conducting work safely, and timely. Maintenance organisations are under mass pressure from airline to produce work quickly in order to increase the availability of the aircraft for the airline. There are financial penalties for the organisation for late deliveries; therefore the temptation is there for workers to cut corners when conducting work. This is a large safety risk, and must be managed by the organisation. Airlines will also be looking at SPI as a way to ensure corners are not being cut, and there is not a poor safety record of the re pair station. Therefore maintenance organisations are also under pressure to keep their safety record as high as possible. A major issue arises between maintaining high KPIs and SPIs. Maintenance organisations have become a major industry within the aviation sector. Increasingly as airlines outsource, repair station are constantly competing for business. It becomes much more tempting for organisation to put ever more pressure to workers faster and safer, however rushing work will adversely affect safety. The two cannot be achieved together. In todays money driven it is ever more tempting to hide the mistakes of the company, artificially improving the SPI of the company, making it look like a better organisation above its competitors. Although the practice is illegal, increase pressure for business will no doubt tempt managers to artificially improving the companys standings. Figure : Methods used to identify potential maintenance providers. [2] Figure 2 shows how airlines decide upon maintenance providers. It shows that airlines will generally look carefully at the organisation to understand the values and cultures of the organisation to see how the organisation operates. More commonly airlines are conducting on sire visits and interviews with workers to understand how the organisation operates in order to asses if such an organisation is worthy of its business. Turnaround time and quality of service are key decision drivers when selecting an MRO partner. The first thing we look at is the culture of the company. And obviously when I talk about quality, it is what is the safety culture and can they do the job well. Quality, safety and experience is important. says JetBlue vice-president technical operations Dave Ramage [1]. Figure : Workforce considerations for maintenance providers. [2] Figure 3 shows what airlines look at when assessing the workforce of the maintenance provider. Generally the airlines look at all factors when looking at the workforce, however the numbers of certifying staff was the most important. This is due to the safety implications of non-certified technical staff conducting work, and the lack of certifying staff having enough time to certify work conducted by non-certified technicians. Another key factor is the location of such organisation. Increasingly, maintenance centres are being developed in countries with more relaxed laws, and cheaper wages. This makes these organisations more cost effective; however there is a major concern in todays society about outsourcing to foreign organisations. Many argue that, even though the organisation may be fully certified, the level of safety may not be as high as organisation in the homeland. Many fear that the authorities cannot monitor overseas companies as effectively, and the constant drive to compete with other organisations makes it easier for standards to slip. The problem with outsourcing, particularly to maintenance and repair shops located overseas, is that these shops are difficult to monitor. In addition to the 4,227 domestic repair shops located in the U.S., there are roughly 700 FAA approved foreign repair shops in 70 countries. The FAA is required to inspect and monitor all of these on a regular basis through a system of checks and balances. According to the DOTs Inspector General, this system is flawed. [6] Although most airlines choose to outsource part, if not all, of their maintenance, many of the large barriers such as British Airways (BA) and Lufthansa have overtime developed their own maintenance facilities, and are now selling their services to other airlines. Currently, about 10% of its MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul) work is done for outside parties, but BA is optimistic it will be able to double that figure. [1]. BA has invested in the main tenance facilities, hiring new staff and providing more training. It is turning what is generally seen as a large cost centre into a profitable part of its operations. We are currently seeing it as a cost centre but, with our ambition to grow this business, I think this is a real opportunity to move it off to a profit centre basis, says BAs director of engineering Garry Copeland. [1]. Lufthansa has already achieved BA ambition in developing a profitable maintenance centre. Lufthansa Technik, Lufthansa in-house MRO division, receives 55% of its work from other airlines [1]. However Lufthansa has developed these facilities over several decades, and the industry has developed significantly since. Despite Lufthansa Techniks success, their chairman shares some words of caution. We would not decide to do it again today. We are only able to deliver this service for commercial airplanes due to the fact that weve done it over 50 years, [1]. The decision to outsource must be weighed based on several factors. Setting up a maintenance facility in-house requires a lot of investment, although it may be cheaper in the long run, often it is more beneficial to the limited capital and poor cash flow of a start-up airline to outsource such activities to a specialist organisation. This does not mean the outline can outsource its responsibilities, and as such still needs specialist within its own organisation to develop coherent maintenance programs. Deciding on an organisation to trust with such activities entails extensive research into the workings, cultures, and policies of such organisations to ensure that not only is this organisation prompt in meeting deadlines, but can hand the aircraft back and a safe, airworthy condition. An airline can never neglect the importance of maintaining its aircraft, but it must ensure whatever decision is made, safety is never compromised.

The Effects Of Our Lack Of Sustainability Of Earth On...

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An Analysis of Alfred De Vignys Chatterton and Victor...

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Comparison Of Bureaucratic And Non Bureaucratic Organisations Commerce Essay Example For Students

Comparison Of Bureaucratic And Non Bureaucratic Organisations Commerce Essay The Style of bureaucratic organisation has wholly different construction as comparison to the non bureaucratic organisations. The bureaucratic manner is preferred due to its proficient manner of disposal but for the new and little and average size organisations no bureaucratic manner is most popular. Here are comparings between these two: Outline1 Suitability:2 Use of Human resources:3 Creativity and Invention:4 Operational control:5 Time Saving:6 Motivational degree:7 Structure:8 Communication and policies and processs:9 Preferable Organization:10 Advantages and Disadvantages:11 Advantages of Non-Bureaucratic Organization:12 Disadvantages of non-Bureaucratic Organization:13 Decision: Suitability: Bureaucratic manner is more suited for big organisation but for new little and average size organisation the non bureaucratic manner is more suited Use of Human resources: In the non bureaucratic the human resources are more efficaciously and expeditiously used by the organisation as comparison to the other manner. Creativity and Invention: As the non bureaucratic organisations is more flexible environment so the more opportunities o creativeness and invention is in non bureaucratic as comparison to bureaucratic organisations. ( Stamm V B: 2008 ) , Operational control: In the bureaucratic organisations the control bid for operations are distributed while in non bureaucratic there is a centralized bid of control for the operations of the organisation. Time Saving: In bureaucratic organisations there is really long concatenation of bid and when the order is given by the higher authorization from top to down level it takes more clip to pass on while in the non bureaucratic direct orders are given from the higher authorization to the subsidiaries in order to acquire the self-generated response. It takes less clip and more clip to work is devoted. Motivational degree: The degree of motive is really high in non bureaucratic manner because the direct orders are given from the top degree and more wagess and grasp is given by higher degree to the subsidiaries straight while in bureaucratic manner the top degree has seldom communicate straight to the subsidiaries. ( Sapru R.K: 2006 ) Structure: Non bureaucratic construction is more volatile as comparison to the bureaucratic construction. Communication and policies and processs: In bureaucratic there is hapless degree of communicating while in non bureaucratic the degree of communicating and go throughing information from top to toss off is much quicker and faster. However, In bureaucratic manner there are written paperss of policies and processs and if any job comes they can decide it by utilizing that policies and processs while it is absent in non bureaucratic organisation. As in bureaucratic organisations there are more policies and processs which are followed by the employees and they feel no freedom and less motivated environment as comparison to on bureaucratic organisations where people are more motivated and more efficient to do the organisation more successful. Preferable Organization: As discuss earlier that the non bureaucratic organisation manner is more suited for little and average sized organisation while for higher or large organisations the bureaucratic manner is more suited. While I have seen that in non bureaucratic manner the flexibleness of work, communicating from top to down and motivational degree of the employees are high so they chase easy trail the end of the organisation. However every organisation has its ain manner and construction and it is non easy to make up ones mind for a peculiar organisation that which construction is best for them. After critical analysis I will take non bureaucratic manner because the motivational factor involved in it is the chief point for my organisation and as motive brings invention and creativeness in the organisation. .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .postImageUrl , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:hover , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:visited , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:active { border:0!important; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:active , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: China Between The Fall Of The KMT And Mao Tse-Tung EssayAs in 1995 Herzberg says During work the different factors which motivate people and different from those which create dissatisfaction ** The factors which are normally involved in making the occupation related to occupation satisfier while the factors which define the occupation context normally relates the occupation dissatisfies . ** Advantages and Disadvantages: Every organisation has its ain manner and every manner has its ain advantages and disadvantages. So these are as follows: Advantages of Non-Bureaucratic Organization: Non bureaucratic organisation manner is more flexible and easy to follow the alterations in any organisation. As the authorization has direct communicating to the subsidiaries so the fast communicating makes the response quicker and efficient. There is no long concatenation of bid which saves the clip and efficient usage of human resources at its potency. Employees are more motivated by wagess and grasp by the higher governments straight which conveying the invention and creativeness in any organisation as the determination and working environmental are more flexible so more quicker to follow the planetary alterations which keeps the employees more antiphonal and responsible to trail the organisational aims. As there is no long hierarchy so any employee can be given work without any clip bound and place load. So the employees can take their ain enterprises and do determination in order to finish the undertaking without waiting the higher authorization permission. Disadvantages of non-Bureaucratic Organization: The chief disadvantage is that the construction is really informal there are non any difficult and fast regulations, policies and processs in the written signifier. There is deficiency of standardization so the jobs arise in the organisation on the same issues can non be solved so the work force are involved to set their input to work out the job. As the centralization of bid of control make the employees to depend merely on the top authorization or individual individual to carry through the operations or undertakings of the organisation. However every new little and average organisation will look frontward to be spread outing in the hereafter so this non-bureaucratic manner should be changed into the bureaucratic manner in order to manage the undertakings and operations of the organisation in more effectual and efficient manner. Due to the absence of proper processs and policies in the written signifier sometimes it s really difficult for the organisation to carry through the demands. Decision: Harmonizing to me the non bureaucratic manner has some border over the traditional bureaucratic manner as it is more flexible and easy to follow alterations in this modern manner of epoch. Although every organisation has aits ain construction harmonizing to its demands and size. Although the non bureaucratic has some disadvantages like deficiency of standardization and absence of written policies and processs but still it is suited for the little and average size organisations. However while taking the manner of an organisation it s all depend on the nature and size and the chief operations which is carried out by the organisation. At the terminal every non bureaucratic is turn into bureaucratic as it grows and gaining control more market portions. So in the start of any new concern the non bureaucratic manner is adopted while it expand than there should be written regulations, policies and processs which should be followed by the employees in order to work out the jobs and to achieve the major aims and ends of any organisation. This is a universe of alterations and hereafter is unsure so there should be some kind of invention and creativeness in the organisation and its work force should be satisfied with their work degree and duties. Thus the chief intent is to purse the organisation s aims and ends whether it is bureaucratic or non bureaucratic in manner because both have their ain advantages and disadvantages. .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 , .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .postImageUrl , .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 , .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:hover , .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:visited , .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:active { border:0!important; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:active , .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shad ow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728 .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05b065a9bb25033316afe98b89f61728:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BUSINESS LOYALTY Essay

Although many of the same ideas are contained in b Essay Example For Students

Although many of the same ideas are contained in b Essay oth The Prince and the Discourses, these two works differ significantly in emphasis because they discuss two different types of political systems. The Prince, is one of the first examinations of politics and science from a purely scientific and rational perspective. In The Prince, Machiavelli was concerned with a principality, a state in which one ruler or a small elite governs a mass of subjects who have no active political life. Machiavelli addresses a monarchical ruler, the Medici, and offered advice designed to keep that ruler in power. He recommended policies that would discourage mass political activism and channel the subjects energies into private pursuits. Machiavellis aim was to persuade the monarch that he could best preserve his power by using violence carefully and economically, by respecting the persons, property, and traditions of his subjects, and by promoting material prosperity. The ruling Prince should be the sole authority determining every aspect of the state and put in effect policies which serves his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political. However, Machiavel li did not feel that a Prince should mistreat his citizens. This suggestion is once again to serve the Princes best interests. If a prince can not be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared by the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well they are yours. He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state,and when the prince is in danger they turn against him. Machiavelli reinforces the princes need to be feared by stating: Men worry less about doing an injury to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feared. The bond of love is one which men, wretched creatures they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so; but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishment which is always effective. In order to win honor, Machiavel li suggests that a prince must be readily willing to deceive the citizens. One way is to show his esteem for talent actively encouraging the able and honoring those who excel in their professionsso that they can go peaceably about their business. By encouraging citizens to excel at their professions he would also be encouraging them to increase the prosperity of the their state. These measures, though carried out in deception, would bring the prince honor and trust amongst the citizens, especially those who were in the best positions to oppose him. We will write a custom essay on Although many of the same ideas are contained in b specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Machiavelli actively promoted a secular form of politics. He laid aside the medieval conception of the state as a necessary creation for humankinds spiritual, material, and social well being. In such a state,a ruler was justified in his exercise of political power only if it contributed to the common good of the people he served, and the ethical side of a princes activityought to be based on Christian moral principles. Machiavelli believed a secular form of government to be a more realistic type. His views were to the benefit of the prince, in helping him maintain power rather than to serve to the well being of the citizens. Machiavelli promoted his belief by stating: The fact is that a man who wants to act virtuously in every way necessarily comes to grief among those who are not virtuous. Therefore, if a prince wants to maintain his rule he must learn not to be so virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to need. .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 , .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .postImageUrl , .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 , .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:hover , .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:visited , .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:active { border:0!important; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:active , .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25 .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u580d01e0ff249bdf56de27270e8c5e25:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: We Learn About Ancient Civilizations Through Literature, Artifacts, An EssayWhile The Prince is Machiavellis best known work, it is The Discourses, which portray the most about him. The Prince was just a pamphlet dashed off to gain influence with the Medici, but in The Discourses he sought to include his entire system of politics. In the Discourses, Machiavelli was mainly concerned with a republic, a state collectively controlled by a politically active citizenry. Depending on their institutional arrangements, republics could be either aristocratic or democratic. Machiavelli advocated a democratic constitution modeled after ancient Rome. In the Discourses his concern was t o preserve the liberty and independence of a self-governing citizenry. He emphasized the idea that a republic needed to foster a spirit of patriotism and civic virtue among its citizens if it were to survive. In addition Machiavelli rejected the traditional republican theory that social harmony and unity were essential to political liberty. He argued that factions and class divisions were inevitable in human society and that republics could be strengthened by the conflicts generated through open and widespread political participation and debate. Machiavelli discusses six types of governments in The Discourses, three of them good, and three of them bad. The good Republics are democracies, aristocracies, and principalities and the bad are oligarchies, tyrannies, and anarchy. Machiavelli states that the three good governments are similar to its bad counterpart since they can easily jump from one form to another. A democracy is converted into anarchy with no difficulty. Hence when a fou nder of a city organizes one of these three governments in a city, he organizes it for only a brief period of time, since no precautions can prevent it from slipping into its contrary. The only solution is to implement a mixed government, such as ancient Rome. Thus, those who were prudent in establishing laws recognized this fact, and avoiding each of these forms in themselves, chose one that combined all, judging such a government to be steadier and more stable, for when there is in the same city-state a principality, an aristocracy, and a democracy, one form keeps watch over the other. In general, the basic idea of The Discourses is the superiority of the democratic republic and the ultimate reliance of even the most despotic regimes on the mass consent of the people. Machiavelli did not construct an abstract and unified philosophical system. Rather, his orientation was practical, and his method was empirical and impressionistic. His political writings contain a series of generalizations taken from ancient and contemporary history about the possibilities and limitations of various courses of political action. One of the most distinctive and controversial characteristics of Machiavellis thought is that he did not devote much attention to the values that define the ends of political action. Instead he concentrated on distinguishing those circumstances in which a political act will have morally justified consequences from those circumstances in which it will not. In his view, political actions, much more than the activities of private life, have consequences that cannot be foreseen or fully controlled. Therefore, political life cannot be governed by a single set of moral (or religious) absolutes, and the political agent may sometimes be excused for p erforming acts of violence and deception that would be ethically indefensible in private life. Partly because Machiavellis subtle and ironic view of the relationship between ethics and politics has been widely misinterpreted, Machiavelli is sometimes perceived as one who manipulates others in an opportunistic and deceptive manner.